气候视野下的北朝农业经济与社会

发布时间：2018-07-13 19:15

【摘要】： 本文研究北朝时期气候的变化与农业经济和社会。全文分绪论、正文和结语三部分。正文的第一章通过文献梳理与考证归纳出北朝气候的基本情况和主要特点。第二章研究气候变化下的北朝农业情况。以往的研究成果虽然涉及了这一时期的农业情况,但缺乏气候的视野,没有关注气候变化下的农业变化。在传统社会之中,农业生产部门占据支配地位,农业收成的好坏影响物价甚至整个社会的稳定。而在农业社会之中,粮食种植结构与亩产量受到气候条件的制约。本章以气候变化为出发点来研究这一时期农业,从另一个方面也可说是农民如何应对这一时期气候变化。第三章研究农业变化对自然经济形态以及兵制的影响。气候变化可以导致社会生产发生变化,比如引起就业水平的升高或下降。在传统农业社会,这种影响主要表现在劳动力在农业和手工业商业之间的分配,劳动力在农业部门增加,在商业和手工业部门减少,对商品经济产生了一定的影响;种植结构的调整,导致农事时间安排随之发生变化,同时使农民日常生活也产生变化,对亦农亦兵的兵制产生一定的影响。第四章考察这一时期的家庭情况。气候变冷导致干旱和饥荒发生频率增加。为了度过饥荒,除了改变农业种植结构,采取多方面保证粮食安全之外,农民还必需控制人口增长。控制人口的主要措施是溺杀女婴,这是导致社会之中男女比例失调的原因之一,这一结果使得一部分人出现早婚。同时,为了渡过饥荒和保持农业生产,农民将家庭的人口保持适当的规模,这样必定会影响家庭结构与宗族组织。第五章研究这一时期的各种社会群体的行为。气候变冷影响农业生产,导致饥荒频繁发生。当饥荒发生时,朝廷的救济往往力不从心,朝廷往往把本应该自身承担的赈济责任推给地方豪强与佛教徒,使得地方豪强与佛教徒在地方上的影响增大。朝廷对这些力量也比较限制和提防,朝廷的力量有逐渐延伸到基层的趋势。同时,地方力量也逐渐改变自己行为模式,使得中国逐渐由豪强社会过渡到富民社会。本文的基本结论是:与其他时代相比较,北朝时期气候相对寒冷。农业生产受到一定影响,农业社会发生一定的变动,对北方农业经济与社会产生了深远的影响,也是造成这一时期中国南北文化出现较大差异的因素之一。本文采用了跨学科的研究方法,历史文献学研究方法为主,还用了气候学、地理学、生态学和政治学的一些理论与研究方法交叉研究,以期对北朝环境与农业社会作出新视野的探讨。
[Abstract]:This paper studies the climate change and agricultural economy and society during the Northern Dynasty. The full text is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The first chapter summarizes the basic situation and main characteristics of the Northern Dynasty climate through literature review and textual research. The second chapter studies the agriculture situation of the Northern Dynasty under the climate change. Although the previous research results relate to the agricultural situation in this period, it lacks the view of climate and does not pay attention to the change of agriculture under climate change. In the traditional society, the agricultural production department occupies the dominant position, and the agricultural harvest affects the price and even the stability of the whole society. In agricultural society, the structure of grain planting and yield per mu are restricted by climatic conditions. This chapter takes climate change as a starting point to study agriculture in this period, and in another way, how farmers deal with climate change. The third chapter studies the impact of agricultural changes on the natural economic form and military system. Climate change can lead to changes in social production, such as higher or lower employment levels. In the traditional agricultural society, this influence is mainly manifested in the distribution of labor force between agriculture and handicraft commerce, the increase of labor force in agricultural sector and the decrease in commercial and handicraft sectors, which has a certain impact on the commodity economy; The adjustment of planting structure leads to the change of the time arrangement of agricultural affairs and the change of farmers' daily life, which has a certain influence on the system of soldiers who are also peasants and soldiers. The fourth chapter examines the family situation in this period. Cold weather leads to increased frequency of drought and famine. In order to survive famine, farmers must control population growth in addition to changing the structure of farming and ensuring food security in many ways. The main measure to control the population is female infanticide, which is one of the causes of the imbalance between men and women in society, which has led to early marriage among some people. At the same time, in order to survive famine and maintain agricultural production, farmers will maintain the appropriate size of the family population, which will certainly affect the family structure and clan organization. The fifth chapter studies the behavior of various social groups in this period. Cold weather affects agricultural production, leading to frequent famine. When famine occurs, the relief of the court is often inadequate. The court often puts the relief responsibility it should bear on the local authorities and Buddhists, which increases the influence of the local authorities and Buddhists in the local areas. The court is also more restricted and wary of these forces, the power of the court gradually extended to the grass roots. At the same time, local forces gradually changed their behavior patterns, making China gradually transition from a powerful society to a prosperous society. The basic conclusion of this paper is: compared with other times, the climate of the Northern Dynasty was relatively cold. Agricultural production has been affected and the agricultural society has undergone certain changes, which has a profound impact on the agricultural economy and society in the north, and is also one of the factors that caused the great differences between the north and south cultures of China during this period. This paper uses interdisciplinary research methods, historical bibliography as the main method, and some theories and methods of climatology, geography, ecology and political science. With a view to the Northern Dynasty environment and agricultural society to make a new vision.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：F329;K239.21

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