南宋福建路的海盗与海防

发布时间：2018-07-15 09:20

【摘要】： 南宋王朝由于背海建国,沿海地区治安形势的不断恶化和海防形势的紧张,无不影响到南宋政权的安危。由于政治、地理、经济、技术等多方面的原因导致了福建路在宋朝,尤其是南宋时期海外贸易兴盛发展。这为福建路带来了大量的经济利益的同时,也为福建路和南宋政府带来了一系列的问题,其中,又以海盗问题最为严重。福建路在南宋时期,从绍兴五年到开庆元年,长达120多年的时间内,皆存在着海盗活动的身影。其时间跨度之长,在南宋之前所未见。福建路的海盗活动还有人数多,规模大,其组织性强,但军事程度一般;其队伍的组成人员主要是底层平民,但是亦有部分商人参与其中;海盗团伙有着一定的社会基础;从事“传统”的劫掠生意外,一般还兼职从事商业活动等四个显著特点。福建路海盗的频繁活动,不仅福建路当地造成了严重威胁,还对福建路周边的广南路与两浙路造成了一定的影响。因此,南宋统治者采取了各种手段来打击海盗,维持福建路的治安,以巩固其在东南沿海地区的统治。在南宋朝廷以及福建路当地政府的各种手段的打击下,福建路的大大小小的海盗队伍最终都面临消亡的结局。其最终的结局一般是在福建路以及南宋朝廷的严厉打击下,分崩瓦解或者因为各种原因为南宋政府招安,其队伍成为了政府的武力。南宋王朝是在金军南侵的战火中建立的,其建立后,面临着金军继续南侵的军事压力,除了亟需加强传统上的陆地防御外,其国防形势的一个突出之处,就是海防形势也严峻起来。福建地区是南宋海防的重要环节。在南宋中前期,福建地处南疆,位于宋朝的战略后方,加上宋室南渡,全国的政治中心转向东南,福建路在全国的军事地位迅速上升。为了维护封建治安,巩固统治,南宋朝廷和福建路当局通过加强沿海水军的建设,并充分利用福建路地方武装与民间武装的力量,采用了设寨、建立警戒线、加强重要城池等多方面的防卫方式。实施了包括加强对海疆的管辖、经营,将东南沿海视为整体来进行海防的全局性布置;通过利用福建路当地的地方势力来进一步加强政府对于基层社会的控制,以此维护地方秩序;实行趋于严格的律法,震慑肖小之徒;实行灵活的海防措施,从战术上、战略上多方面的筹备,为根本上消灭海盗奠定了基础。同时在打击海盗过程中,重建新的统治秩序,保证地方社会稳定,巩固南宋政权。事实证明了福建路的各种方式是切实有效的,基本达到了其目的。
[Abstract]:Due to the foundation of the Southern Song Dynasty, the worsening of the security situation in the coastal areas and the tension of the coastal defense situation, all of them affected the safety of the regime of the Southern Song Dynasty. Due to political, geographical, economic, technological and other reasons, Fujian Lu in the Song Dynasty, especially in the Southern Song Dynasty, overseas trade prosperity and development. This brought a lot of economic benefits to Fujian Lu, but also brought a series of problems to Fujian Lu and the government of Southern Song Dynasty, among which piracy was the most serious problem. Fujian Lu in the Southern Song Dynasty, from Shaoxing five years to the opening of the year, for more than 120 years, there are pirate activities. Its time span is unprecedented in the Southern Song Dynasty. The pirate activities in Fujian Lu are also large in number, large in scale, strong in organization, but generally in military level; the members of its ranks are mainly civilians at the bottom, but some businessmen are also involved in the activities, pirate gangs have a certain social foundation; Engaging in "traditional" looting accidents, generally part-time engaged in commercial activities, such as four salient characteristics. The frequent activities of piracy in Fujian Road not only pose a serious threat to the local area of Fujian Road, but also have a certain impact on the Guangnan Road and the Liangzhe Road around Fujian Road. Therefore, the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty took various measures to combat piracy and maintain public order in Fujian Road in order to consolidate their rule in the southeast coastal areas. Under the attack of the Southern Song Dynasty court and the local government of Fujian Lu, the large and small pirates of Fujian Road finally faced the end of extinction. Its final outcome is generally in Fujian Lu and the Southern Song Dynasty's severe crackdown, collapse or for various reasons for the Southern Song government to recruit peace, its ranks became the force of the government. The Southern Song Dynasty was established during the war of the Jin army's invasion to the south. After its establishment, it faced the military pressure of the Jin Army to continue to invade the south. In addition to the urgent need to strengthen the traditional land defense, the situation of its national defense was prominent. Even the coastal defense situation is also grim. Fujian is an important link in the coastal defense of the Southern Song Dynasty. In the middle and early period of the Southern Song Dynasty, Fujian was located in the south of Xinjiang, which was located behind the strategic rear of the Song Dynasty. In addition, the political center of the whole country turned to the southeast, and the military position of Fujian Road rose rapidly. In order to maintain feudal public order and consolidate rule, the Southern Song Dynasty court and the Fujian Road authorities, by strengthening the construction of the coastal water army and making full use of the local and civilian armed forces in Fujian Road, adopted the establishment of fortification and the establishment of a police line. Strengthen important cities and other aspects of defense. It has implemented the overall arrangement of coastal defense, including strengthening its jurisdiction over and management of the coastal areas, regarding the southeast coast as a whole, and further strengthening the government's control over the grass-roots society by utilizing the local forces in Fujian Road. In order to maintain the local order; to implement a more strict law to deter Xiao Xiaomian; to implement flexible coastal defense measures from the tactical strategic preparations for the fundamental elimination of piracy laid the foundation. At the same time, in the process of anti-piracy, re-establish the new ruling order, ensure local social stability, and consolidate the regime of the Southern Song Dynasty. Facts have proved that all kinds of ways of Fujian Road are practical and effective, and have basically achieved its purpose.
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K245

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