唐代士子教育资源研究
发布时间：2018-07-17 06:22
【摘要】： 自汉迄魏晋南北朝,无论形式还是事实上,读书入仕皆被特权阶层垄断。隋唐时期,科举制度臻于完备,士子读书入仕机会的形式平等才有了制度保证。然而,教育资源投资和占有水平的差距,依然导致唐代不同阶层士子读书入仕机会的事实不平等。所谓教育资源,指唐代士子为科举及第的目的,通过家庭(家族)或个人资源和个人努力的投资而获得的教育机会和途径。教育本身也是一种资源。士子政治、经济、文化、社会关系等资源的占有水平影响其对教育资源的投资和占有水平,是导致不同阶层士子科举入仕机会事实不平等的重要原因。本文广泛收集相关资料,大量利用唐五代笔记小说、唐人诗文,尤其墓志碑铭资料进行论述,共分六章。绪论进行学术史回顾并提出问题,结语综述全文并做出结论。 开元以前,唐代官学总体处于上升通道,生员多、地位高,录取配额高。开元十五年(727),吏部定限录取总量,又定限生徒、乡贡的录取配额,直接导致了两监生员的大量离散,州县学生员亦纷纷脱离官学,改走乡贡一途,唐代官学面临着前所未有的严重危机。面对危机,玄宗、代宗曾出台一系列措施,如降低入学门槛、扩大招生范围,甚至取缔乡贡等,意图挽救。然而,生徒、乡贡录取配额比既不能有重大改变,乡贡又无法取消,一切努力都只能徒劳,德宗贞元中,官学的衰败终成定局。 官学兴盛之时,相较于私学而言,拥有较多优质教育资源。教师多科举正途出身,既便未及第者亦多属通经能文之士;校舍营修、生员食宿、教师聘用等,皆由各级政府财政承担;教师、生员皆有相应的行为规范,日常教学管理较为完善;录取配额高度集中,优势明显。但优质教育资源占有并非各级官学一致,而是依学校级别高低不同,有较大差距,学校级别越高,优质教育资源的占有水平亦越高。官学依入学资格的高低不同,据员阙等额补足,品官子弟依其家庭官阶、门荫,直接补入较高级别的学校,庶民士子则只能考补较低级别的学校。因此,在官学这一特殊场合,不同阶层士子优质教育资源的占有,进而科举及第量(率),从一开始就被其政治资源占有水平决定了,广义士族子弟凭其出身优势,获得了官学最大部分的优质教育资源。 家庭和家族内部教育资源的优势主要表现在:授业者学养普遍较高,既便教孤之寡母,亦有一定的经史文学修养;家庭藏书大致能满足子弟习业之需;家庭经济状况一般较好,至少可以保障子弟完成学业的基本需求。相对优势的教育资源带来了显著的教育成效。家庭和家族内部教育的基础性教育非常成功,为子弟在激烈的科举竞争中占据优势打下了坚实的经史文学基础,故子弟科举及第率较高。然而,教育资源的优势乃家庭和家族投资和努力所得,故优势同时就意味着较高的准入门槛。因此,家庭和家族内部教育虽然在各个阶层家庭中都可见到,但主要存在于广义士族家庭。换言之,对家庭和家族内部教育资源的投资和占有,广义士族子弟占据着绝对的优势。 家庭和家族以外的私学教育类型多样,教育资源优劣不同,各有其特点。进行基础性教育的村坊学校,教学条件很差,教师水平普遍不高。私家讲学对学生没有出身、地域和员额的限制;授业者水平较高,但缺乏社会资源,无力引荐学徒;非体制内的身份受制于乡贡有限的录取配额,故及第者极少。私授是精英教育,其教育资源的优势主要体现在,授业者多当时名士,有较优质的社会资源,教学又极富针对性;入门受业者少而精,多天资聪颖,学业出众,故及第量(率)很高。习业山林寺院是最为开放的教育资源,其优势在于有较好的师资,有丰富的藏书,有三五成群的同学。由于家庭经济资源占有的差距,士子山林寺院习业的环境差异很大,因此,虽然广义士族子弟多家居习业者,山林寺院习业的庶民士子稍多于广义士族子弟,但广义士族子弟仍然因教育投资的优势,有更佳的习业环境,获得了更高的科举及第量(率)。要之,家庭和家族以外的私学教育资源,虽非广义士族子弟教育投资的主阵地,但在优势教育资源的投资和占有上,庶民士子仍然居于下风。 士子对优质教育资源的投资和占有,并非一成不变,而是依时代不同而有相应的变化,庶民士子的投资和占有水平有个缓慢提升的过程。开元以前,庶民士子不仅教育资源投资和占有处于绝对的劣势,而且,意图经乡贡一途科举及第,其概率也极低。开元至贞元年间,庶民士子有了更多的教育投资机会,并在一定程度上提升了教育资源的占有水平,但对优质教育资源的投资和占有,与广义士族子弟相较,差距仍然很大。至晚唐,在优质教育资源的投资和占有,进而科举及第量(率)上,庶民士子与广义士族子弟的差距,在缓慢地缩小。士子教育资源投资和占有,亦随着地域的不同而稍有变化,但这种变化受整个社会政治、经济、军事形势的影响大,受士子个人和社会资源动员能力的影响小。 唐代庶民士子对优质教育资源的投资和占有水平,虽然随着时代的变化,在逐部的提升,但其提升的幅度极其有限,至少至唐亡,也未对广义士族子弟的优势地位形成重大威胁,因此,其科举及第量(率)虽也逐步上升,但幅度毕竟有限,并不能从根本上改变唐代社会阶层垂直流动的凝固状态。 庶民士子教育资源投资和占有水平长期不能得到有效提升,有着深深的时代印记。其一,唐代士族残余势力尚存,政府承担起官办教育的责任,却不能对庶民士子充分开放,故政治资源占有的优势对优质教育资源占有的作用极为直接和明显,庶民士子无论怎样努力和投资,也敌不过广义士族子弟先天出身的优势。其二,当乡贡地位上升,读书入仕机会增多时,庶民士子教育投资的热情也有上升。然而,唐代教育成本太高,既便一个完整的中下级官吏家庭,供养一个读书人也不轻松,受制于经济资源的劣势,庶民士子教育投资能力极低。其三,唐政府推行科举制度,并不断加以完善,使之朝公平公正方向发展,为庶民士子制造了一个稳定的读书入仕的希望。然而,庶民士子及第量(率)一直处于极低的水平,终究无法形成“万般皆下品,唯有读书高”的共识,对教育的投资自然缺乏积极性和稳定性,只有少数资源占有水平较高的庶民士子愿为之付出财富、时间和精力。其四,前述因素又导致了另一结果,当士子因故无法在父母荫护下安心习业,不能不苦学成才之时,多数庶民士子只能选择放弃学业。因此,孜孜苦学、坚持完成学业的士子,绝大多数为广义士族子弟。庶民士子既然连苦学的机会都很少,欲读书晋身,何其之难! 总之,唐政府不能完全承担教育投资的责任,学校不能充分向各阶层士子开放,学校教育与贡举就不能充分结合,士子就不可能在同一平台展开竞争。私学教育投资依赖于家庭(族)经济、文化、社会关系者多,而在诸多资源的占有和动员能力上,庶民阶层皆远不及广义士族阶层。因此,庶民士子对优质教育资源的投资和占有,就只能长期处于劣势地位,遂导致庶民士子科举及第量(率)长期在低位徘徊,对凝固的社会阶层垂直流动根本无法带来较大的冲击。
[Abstract]:From the Han Dynasty to the northern and Southern Dynasties of the Wei, Jin, and the northern and Southern Dynasties, both form and fact have been monopolized by the privileged class. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the imperial examination system was perfected, and the formal equality of the opportunity of the scholar's entry to the official was guaranteed. However, the gap between the investment of educational resources and the level of possession led to the opportunity for the scholars of the different strata of the Tang Dynasty to read the official opportunities. The so-called educational resources refer to the educational opportunities and means obtained by the scholars in the Tang Dynasty for the purpose of the imperial examination and the investment of family (family) or personal resources and individual efforts. Education itself is also a resource. The level of possession of the resources of the political, economic, cultural and social relations of the scholars affects their investment and occupation of educational resources. Level is the important reason for the fact that the different strata of the different stratum are not equal. This article extensively collects the relevant information and makes a great deal of use of the notes of the Tang and Five Dynasties, the Tang poetry and the epitaph, especially the epitaph inscriptions on six chapters. The introduction carries out a review of the academic history and puts forward some questions, the conclusion is summarized and the conclusion is made.
Before the Kaiyuan, the official school of the Tang Dynasty was generally in the ascending channel, with a high number of people, high position, high quota, fifteen years of admission (727), the official department set a limit on the total amount, and the quota of admission to the students and township tribute was set to limit the mass discretization of the two supervisors. The state and county students were divorced from the official schools and changed away from the township tribute. There had been a serious crisis. In the face of the crisis, Xuanzong had issued a series of measures, such as reducing the entrance threshold, expanding the enrollment scope and even banning the tribute. However, the quota ratio of the living apprentice and the township tribute could not be changed greatly, the township tribute could not be cancelled, and all the efforts were only in vain.
At the time of the prosperity of the official school, it has more high quality education resources than the private school. The teachers are born in the main section of the imperial examination. They are not the ones who are not the same. The school building camp, the living and lodging, the teachers' employment and so on are all borne by the government finance at all levels; the teachers, the students all have corresponding behavior norms, the daily teaching management is more perfect; admissions are accepted. The quota is highly concentrated and the advantages are obvious. But the quality education resources are not consistent with the official schools at all levels, but the higher level of the school level, the higher the school level, the higher the level of the high quality education resources. In order to make up for a higher grade school, the people of the common people can only make up for the lower grade schools. Therefore, in the special occasion of the official school, the possession of the high quality education resources of the different classes of scholars, and then the imperial examination and the quantity (rate) have been determined by the level of their political resources from the beginning. Part of the high quality education resources.
The advantages of educational resources within the family and family are mainly as follows: the schoolmasters are generally higher in school and education, even if they teach orphans and widows, and also have certain historical literature cultivation; the family collection can meet the needs of the children, and the family economy is generally good, at least to guarantee the basic needs of the children to complete their studies. The basic education of family and family education is very successful. It has laid a solid foundation of history and literature for the advantages of the children in the fierce imperial examination. Therefore, the imperial examination and the higher rate of the children are higher. However, the advantages of educational resources are the investment and hard work of family and family. Therefore, home and family education, therefore, can be seen in all classes of families, but mainly in the broad Sam family. In other words, the investment and possession of educational resources within the family and family, the broad sworn children occupy an absolute advantage.
There are various types of private school education outside the family and family, and the educational resources are different, each has its own characteristics. The village school, which carries out basic education, is poor in teaching conditions and the level of teachers is generally not high. Private lectures have no origin in the students, the limits of geography and posts, the higher level of water, but lack of social resources, inability to recommend apprenticeship; non body. The identity within the system is limited to the limited admission quota of township tribute, so there are few and few. Private teaching is the elite education. The advantages of the educational resources are mainly reflected in the advantages of the educational resources, the more good social resources are given to the instructer, the teaching and the teaching are very pertinent; the introductory recipients are less and more precise, the talent is bright and the school is outstanding, so the number (rate) is very high. Xi Ye mountain is high. The forest monastery is the most open educational resource. Its advantages lie in good teachers, rich collections of books, and three and five groups of students. Because of the gap between family economic resources, the environment of the scholar Zi Shan Lin Temple practice is very different. However, the children of the Yi nationality, but the children of the general family still have a better environment of practice because of the advantages of investment in education, and have obtained a higher level of imperial examinations and a higher number (rate). It's the wind.
The investment and possession of the high quality education resources were not the same, but they had the corresponding changes in accordance with the times. The investment and possession level of the common people had a slow promotion. Before the Yuan Dynasty, the common people were not only the absolute disadvantage of the investment and possession of the educational resources, but also the intention was to pass the imperial examination and to the first. In the period from Kaiyuan to Zhen Yuan, the people of the common people had more opportunities for education and investment, and raised the level of the possession of educational resources to a certain extent. But the investment and possession of high quality education resources, compared with the broad sense of the children's children, was still very large. In terms of the quantity (rate), the gap between the common people and the broad people's children is slowly narrowing. The investment and possession of the educational resources of the scholars have changed slightly with the different regions, but this change is greatly influenced by the political, economic and military situation of the whole society, and the influence of the individual and the mobilization ability of the social resources is small.
Although the investment and possession level of the common people in the Tang Dynasty to high quality education resources, although with the change of the times, the extent of the promotion is extremely limited, at least to the Tang Dynasty, and has not formed a major threat to the dominant position of the broad people's children. Therefore, although the imperial examination and the quantity (rate) are also gradually rising, the extent is limited after all. It can fundamentally change the solidification state of vertical social mobility in the Tang Dynasty.
For a long time, the investment and possession of the common people's education resources can not be effectively promoted, and there is a deep imprint of the times. First, the residual forces of the Tang Dynasty still remain, the government has assumed responsibility for the official education, but it can not fully open the people of the common people. It is obvious that no matter how hard the common people work and invest, they can not rival the advantages of the innate origin of the general family. Secondly, when the status of the township tribute is rising and the opportunity for reading is increased, the enthusiasm for the education investment of the common people is also rising. However, the cost of education is too high in the Tang Dynasty, which is a complete family of middle and lower officials and a reader. It was also not easy to be relaxed, subject to the disadvantage of economic resources, and the education investment ability of the common people was very low. Thirdly, the Tang government carried out the imperial examination system and perfected it to make it develop in a fair and fair direction, and made a stable hope for the people of the common people. However, the common people and the number of people were at a very low level. It is impossible to form a common understanding of "all kinds of things, only reading high", the natural lack of enthusiasm and stability for the investment in education. Only a few of the common people who have high level of resources are willing to pay for their wealth, time and energy. The majority of the people of the common people can only choose to give up their studies when they are unable to learn from their hard work. Therefore, most of the scholars who have studied hard to finish their studies are the broad sense of the scholar's children.
In a word, the Tang government can not fully undertake the responsibility of investment in education. Schools can not be fully open to all classes of scholars, school education and tribute can not be fully integrated. The scholars can not compete on the same platform. Private education investment depends on Yu Jiating (ethnic) economy, culture, social relations, and the possession and mobilization of many resources. As a result, the plebeian stratum is far less than the general class. Therefore, the investment and possession of the high quality education resources of the common people can only be in a weak position for a long time, which leads to the long and long low position of the common people, which can not bring a great impact on the vertical flow of the solidified social stratum.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K242
本文编号：2129380
[Abstract]:From the Han Dynasty to the northern and Southern Dynasties of the Wei, Jin, and the northern and Southern Dynasties, both form and fact have been monopolized by the privileged class. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the imperial examination system was perfected, and the formal equality of the opportunity of the scholar's entry to the official was guaranteed. However, the gap between the investment of educational resources and the level of possession led to the opportunity for the scholars of the different strata of the Tang Dynasty to read the official opportunities. The so-called educational resources refer to the educational opportunities and means obtained by the scholars in the Tang Dynasty for the purpose of the imperial examination and the investment of family (family) or personal resources and individual efforts. Education itself is also a resource. The level of possession of the resources of the political, economic, cultural and social relations of the scholars affects their investment and occupation of educational resources. Level is the important reason for the fact that the different strata of the different stratum are not equal. This article extensively collects the relevant information and makes a great deal of use of the notes of the Tang and Five Dynasties, the Tang poetry and the epitaph, especially the epitaph inscriptions on six chapters. The introduction carries out a review of the academic history and puts forward some questions, the conclusion is summarized and the conclusion is made.
Before the Kaiyuan, the official school of the Tang Dynasty was generally in the ascending channel, with a high number of people, high position, high quota, fifteen years of admission (727), the official department set a limit on the total amount, and the quota of admission to the students and township tribute was set to limit the mass discretization of the two supervisors. The state and county students were divorced from the official schools and changed away from the township tribute. There had been a serious crisis. In the face of the crisis, Xuanzong had issued a series of measures, such as reducing the entrance threshold, expanding the enrollment scope and even banning the tribute. However, the quota ratio of the living apprentice and the township tribute could not be changed greatly, the township tribute could not be cancelled, and all the efforts were only in vain.
At the time of the prosperity of the official school, it has more high quality education resources than the private school. The teachers are born in the main section of the imperial examination. They are not the ones who are not the same. The school building camp, the living and lodging, the teachers' employment and so on are all borne by the government finance at all levels; the teachers, the students all have corresponding behavior norms, the daily teaching management is more perfect; admissions are accepted. The quota is highly concentrated and the advantages are obvious. But the quality education resources are not consistent with the official schools at all levels, but the higher level of the school level, the higher the school level, the higher the level of the high quality education resources. In order to make up for a higher grade school, the people of the common people can only make up for the lower grade schools. Therefore, in the special occasion of the official school, the possession of the high quality education resources of the different classes of scholars, and then the imperial examination and the quantity (rate) have been determined by the level of their political resources from the beginning. Part of the high quality education resources.
The advantages of educational resources within the family and family are mainly as follows: the schoolmasters are generally higher in school and education, even if they teach orphans and widows, and also have certain historical literature cultivation; the family collection can meet the needs of the children, and the family economy is generally good, at least to guarantee the basic needs of the children to complete their studies. The basic education of family and family education is very successful. It has laid a solid foundation of history and literature for the advantages of the children in the fierce imperial examination. Therefore, the imperial examination and the higher rate of the children are higher. However, the advantages of educational resources are the investment and hard work of family and family. Therefore, home and family education, therefore, can be seen in all classes of families, but mainly in the broad Sam family. In other words, the investment and possession of educational resources within the family and family, the broad sworn children occupy an absolute advantage.
There are various types of private school education outside the family and family, and the educational resources are different, each has its own characteristics. The village school, which carries out basic education, is poor in teaching conditions and the level of teachers is generally not high. Private lectures have no origin in the students, the limits of geography and posts, the higher level of water, but lack of social resources, inability to recommend apprenticeship; non body. The identity within the system is limited to the limited admission quota of township tribute, so there are few and few. Private teaching is the elite education. The advantages of the educational resources are mainly reflected in the advantages of the educational resources, the more good social resources are given to the instructer, the teaching and the teaching are very pertinent; the introductory recipients are less and more precise, the talent is bright and the school is outstanding, so the number (rate) is very high. Xi Ye mountain is high. The forest monastery is the most open educational resource. Its advantages lie in good teachers, rich collections of books, and three and five groups of students. Because of the gap between family economic resources, the environment of the scholar Zi Shan Lin Temple practice is very different. However, the children of the Yi nationality, but the children of the general family still have a better environment of practice because of the advantages of investment in education, and have obtained a higher level of imperial examinations and a higher number (rate). It's the wind.
The investment and possession of the high quality education resources were not the same, but they had the corresponding changes in accordance with the times. The investment and possession level of the common people had a slow promotion. Before the Yuan Dynasty, the common people were not only the absolute disadvantage of the investment and possession of the educational resources, but also the intention was to pass the imperial examination and to the first. In the period from Kaiyuan to Zhen Yuan, the people of the common people had more opportunities for education and investment, and raised the level of the possession of educational resources to a certain extent. But the investment and possession of high quality education resources, compared with the broad sense of the children's children, was still very large. In terms of the quantity (rate), the gap between the common people and the broad people's children is slowly narrowing. The investment and possession of the educational resources of the scholars have changed slightly with the different regions, but this change is greatly influenced by the political, economic and military situation of the whole society, and the influence of the individual and the mobilization ability of the social resources is small.
Although the investment and possession level of the common people in the Tang Dynasty to high quality education resources, although with the change of the times, the extent of the promotion is extremely limited, at least to the Tang Dynasty, and has not formed a major threat to the dominant position of the broad people's children. Therefore, although the imperial examination and the quantity (rate) are also gradually rising, the extent is limited after all. It can fundamentally change the solidification state of vertical social mobility in the Tang Dynasty.
For a long time, the investment and possession of the common people's education resources can not be effectively promoted, and there is a deep imprint of the times. First, the residual forces of the Tang Dynasty still remain, the government has assumed responsibility for the official education, but it can not fully open the people of the common people. It is obvious that no matter how hard the common people work and invest, they can not rival the advantages of the innate origin of the general family. Secondly, when the status of the township tribute is rising and the opportunity for reading is increased, the enthusiasm for the education investment of the common people is also rising. However, the cost of education is too high in the Tang Dynasty, which is a complete family of middle and lower officials and a reader. It was also not easy to be relaxed, subject to the disadvantage of economic resources, and the education investment ability of the common people was very low. Thirdly, the Tang government carried out the imperial examination system and perfected it to make it develop in a fair and fair direction, and made a stable hope for the people of the common people. However, the common people and the number of people were at a very low level. It is impossible to form a common understanding of "all kinds of things, only reading high", the natural lack of enthusiasm and stability for the investment in education. Only a few of the common people who have high level of resources are willing to pay for their wealth, time and energy. The majority of the people of the common people can only choose to give up their studies when they are unable to learn from their hard work. Therefore, most of the scholars who have studied hard to finish their studies are the broad sense of the scholar's children.
In a word, the Tang government can not fully undertake the responsibility of investment in education. Schools can not be fully open to all classes of scholars, school education and tribute can not be fully integrated. The scholars can not compete on the same platform. Private education investment depends on Yu Jiating (ethnic) economy, culture, social relations, and the possession and mobilization of many resources. As a result, the plebeian stratum is far less than the general class. Therefore, the investment and possession of the high quality education resources of the common people can only be in a weak position for a long time, which leads to the long and long low position of the common people, which can not bring a great impact on the vertical flow of the solidified social stratum.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K242
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前2条
1 滕金宇;促进盛唐诗歌繁荣的教育因素初探[D];东北师范大学;2011年
2 张晓辉;唐代士人礼制教育初探[D];天津师范大学;2012年
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