中山国社会生活礼俗研究

发布时间：2018-08-05 13:08

【摘要】：中山国是战国时期唯一由北方民族建立而列入《战国策》，并且与华夏国家共同称王的千乘之国。中山国屡亡屡兴，国家发展历史和民族构成非常复杂。这导致中山国社会生活礼俗的多样性、复杂性和混乱性。因此梳理论证中山国社会生活礼俗的各个方面对弥补和促进中山国史的研究，进而推动战国国别史、民族史等方面的研究都大有裨益。本文共有十一章，可分为引言、正文(共分九章)和结语三部分。正文中首先对中山国衣、食、住、行等物质札俗进行讨论，进而在婚姻礼俗、丧葬礼俗、宗教信仰礼俗、文字语言礼俗等方面进行研究，并对文献记载的中山国好游戏、男女无别、盗墓私铸等奇特的习俗进行了考证。第一中山居住与建筑礼俗主要包括选址和规划原则、住宅与其它建筑类型、建筑和装饰风格、室内陈设四方面。中山国居住与建筑习俗既在总体上具备战国时期居住与建筑习俗的时代特征，如灵寿城址的布局区划原则，各等级分划极为明显的住宅类型，战国时期通行的建筑方式和建筑材料等等。但是在某些具体的方面又存在自身的特点，，如建筑式样中高台建筑的稀少，建筑材料朴素无华的风格等等，这些应该是文献记载中关于狄族的风俗习惯的表现。第二中山服饰习俗主要包括服饰的原料和种类、装饰品特点、服饰式样三方面。中山之地金质耳饰、腕饰和金虎形饰牌，有柄铜镜，铜璜组佩、带钩等北方民族风格的装饰品占一定比例。中山灵寿城址时期中山国有在佩玉上书写人名、吉祥祝语以避邪求福的特殊佩玉习俗。中山国男女性的服饰式样都有深衣，还有具有明显的戎狄风格武士服饰、多支长羽装饰的武冠、中山女性的窄袖长袍、牛角形发髻等。中山服饰习俗既具有鲜明的本民族自身特点，与其它中原、齐鲁和吴楚等地区的风俗也有某些相似之处。中山服饰习俗充分体现了北方戎狄部族服饰习俗与中原服饰习俗相融合的特点。第三中山饮食礼俗包括饮食结构和加工贮藏及制作方法、饮食器具、各阶层饮食习俗及其它风尚三方面。中山国的饮食结构中包括各种粮食、家畜家禽及猎获野兽、水果和酒等饮料。中山之人用石碾、石磨(或陶磨)，石臼等加工粮食，利用窖穴和陶器贮藏食物，并用蒸、煮、烤、风干等方式制作出各种各样的食物。中山国不同时期的饮食器具具有不同的特点，折射了中山国饮食习俗的阶级性和礼制化过程。春秋至战国早期的中山饮食器具开始出现鼎、豆、壶、匝的器物组合。战国早期出现的铜換具有北方民族特色，是鲜虞为白狄别种的佐证。战国灵寿城址时期的饮食器具已经具有了鲜明的阶级性，其中中山王的饮食器具中铜鼎和铜壶的使用情况已经与华夏礼制相类。此外中山国普遍存在嗜酒之风，上层社会的饮食习俗中有奢侈之风气，并形成了一定的饮食卫生习俗。第四中山交通行旅礼俗包括道路交通、行旅方式和交通工具、出行礼俗及旅行生活三个方面。中山国国内存在南北、东西、西北三条主干道与其它地区进行交往，以国都灵寿城址为中心形成国内交通网。中山国的行旅方式有乘车、乘舟、步行三种。中山国战国早期的车制非常古老，为适应山地行驶需要形成整体狭长低矮的地域性特征。第五中山婚姻与家庭礼俗包括一夫多妻制和一夫一妻制。一夫多妻制是以中山王为首的贵族阶层的主要婚姻形式，一些平民上层也可通过购买婢妾等方式形成一夫多妻制。在这种一夫多妻的家庭形态中，众多女性及其子女之间划分为若干等级，父权强大，中山王在家庭内部享有对其它家庭成员的财富、地位及生命的予夺大权。一夫一妻制是中山国内下层平民的主要婚姻方式，一般贵族也有采用一夫一妻制者。在一夫一妻制家庭内部，中山女子与男子分工劳动，共同占有家庭财产，地位比较平等，中山女子享有较多的自由和一定的财产，父亲对子女享有一定的权威。第六中山丧葬礼俗包括墓地制度、墓葬形制、葬式、随葬器物和中山丧葬习俗特色研究五方面。墓地制度包括族墓地、王族“公墓”和中山王陵园。在墓葬形制方面，’各时期中山墓葬按墓葬面积大小可分为四类。春秋和战国早期的中山墓葬只存在中小型墓葬。春秋时期主要有殉人墓与非殉人墓的区分。战国早期有土坑竖穴墓与土坑竖穴积石墓、积沙墓的不同。战国灵寿城址时期墓葬可分为大型中山君主墓葬、较大型贵族墓葬、陪葬墓和其它中小型墓葬四类，显示了强烈的等级划分。春秋战国时期中山身体葬式可分为六种，仰身直肢葬是普遍存在的葬式。春秋至战国灵寿城址时期墓向北向者渐多。春秋和战国早期墓葬中一般随葬各种实用器物，随葬器物中存在明显的北方民族特点。灵寿城址时期不同阶层墓葬中都随葬有陶礼器。陶礼器的数量、种类和制造工艺等随时间和阶级不同而各异，但并未形成严格的礼制区分。此外，中山之地的石构墓葬俗、丧葬用色习俗以及随葬器物造型和纹饰都显示了中山之地丧葬习俗的特色。第七中山宗教信仰礼俗包括对祖先上帝的崇拜祭祀、自然神灵崇拜、玉卜和相术三方面. 中山社会各阶层都有崇拜祭祀祖先上帝习俗。祖先祭祀使用大量的猎获物为祭品，夜庙合一的墓祭礼俗是中山之地的特色。中山国自然神灵崇拜包括山川崇拜、社樱崇拜等。中山
[Abstract]:The state of Zhongshan is the only country established by the northern nation in the Warring States period, which is included in the national policy of the war of war and the nation of thousand multiplying with the state of China. The country of Zhongshan has been perish repeatedly, the history of the national development and the constitution of the nation are very complicated. This leads to the diversity, complexity and confusion of the social life and customs of Zhongshan. Therefore, it combs and demonstrates the social life of Zhongshan. All aspects of etiquette and custom are of great benefit to make up for and promote the study of the history of Zhongshan, and then promote the study of the national history and national history of the Warring States.
There are eleven chapters in this paper, which can be divided into introduction, text (altogether nine chapters) and conclusion three parts. The main body of the text is the discussion of Zhongshan national clothing, food, living, and practice, and then studies the marriage ceremony and customs, funeral customs, religious belief etiquette and custom, language etiquette and custom and so on, and the good games of the documents recorded in Zhongshan, the men and women are no different, robber. The peculiar customs of the cemetery have been tested.
The first Zhongshan residential and architectural rituals mainly include location and planning principles, residential and other architectural types, architectural and decorative styles, and indoor furnishings in four aspects. The habitation and architectural customs of Zhongshan both have the characteristics of the times of residence and architectural customs in the Warring States period as a whole, such as the principle of the layout division of the Lingshou city site. The obvious residential type, the way of building and the building materials in the Warring States period, and so on. But in some specific aspects, there are its own characteristics, such as the scarcity of the tall buildings in the architectural style, the simple style of the building materials, and so on. These should be the manifestation of the customs in the literature.
Second Zhongshan clothing custom mainly includes the raw materials and types of clothing, ornament features, clothing style three aspects. Zhongshan land gold earrings, wrist ornaments and gold tigers, bronze mirrors, copper Juan, hook and other northern ethnic style ornaments account for a certain proportion. Zhongshan Lingshou city site period of Zhongshan state in peyu writing the name, auspicious, auspicious The special custom of greeting to avoid evil and seeking blessing. Nakayama Kunio women's dress style has deep clothes, there are obvious military dress of the military style, many long plume ornaments, Zhongshan women's narrow sleeves robes, hornhead bun, and so on. The custom of Zhongshan clothing has its own distinctive national characteristics, and other Central Plains, Qilu and Wu Chu. The costume custom of Zhongshan fully embodies the characteristics of the integration of the costume custom of the Rongdi tribe in the north and the costume custom of the Central Plains.
Third the catering customs and customs of Zhongshan include diet structure and processing and storage and production methods, eating utensils, dietary customs and other customs of other three aspects. The food structure of Zhongshan includes all kinds of food, livestock and poultry and hunting wild animals, fruit and wine. Zhongshan people use stone milling, stone mill (or pottery mill), stone mortar and other processed food, and make use of food. The pit and pottery stored food, and made various kinds of food with steaming, cooking, roasting, and air drying. The different characteristics of the dietetic instruments in different periods of Zhongshan reflected the class nature and the process of etiquette of the food custom in Zhongshan. In the spring and Autumn period to the early Warring States, the Zhongshan drinking utensils began to appear in the utensils of the beans, pots and turns. The copper exchange in the early period of the country has the characteristics of the northern ethnic group, which is the evidence of the white dietitian species. The eating utensils in the Warring States period of Lingshou have already had a distinct class character. Among them, the use of copper pots and copper pots in the dietetic instruments of the Zhongshan king has been similar to the Chinese etiquette system. In this country, there is a common habit of drinking in Zhongshan and the upper society. The custom of eating is luxurious and has formed certain custom of eating and drinking hygiene.
Fourth Zhongshan traffic travel etiquette and travel customs include road traffic, travel mode and transportation, travel etiquette and travel life three aspects. Zhongshan country exists north and south, East and West, three main main roads in the northwest and other areas, take the city of Lingshou as the center to form a domestic traffic network. The way of Zhongshan is to travel by car, boat, step In the early Warring States Period, the car system of Zhongshan State was very old. To meet the needs of mountainous driving, the whole narrow and low regional characteristics were formed.
Fifth the marriage and family etiquette in Zhongshan includes polygamy and monogamy. Polygamy is the main form of marriage of the aristocratic class headed by Zhongshan king. Some civilians can also form polygamy by buying maidservant concubines.
In the polygamous family form, many women and their children are divided into several ranks, the patriarchal power is strong, and the Zhongshan king is in the family.
It enjoys the wealth, status and life of other members of the family. Monogamy is a lower class citizen in Zhongshan.
The main way of marriage is that the general aristocracy also adopts monogamy. In the monogamous family, Zhongshan women and men
Sub division of labor, CO occupation of family property, equality of status, Zhongshan women enjoy more freedom and certain property.
A father has a certain authority over his children.
Sixth the funeral rites and customs of Zhongshan include the cemetery system, tombs, burial style, funerary objects and the characteristics of Zhongshan's funeral customs.
On the five hand, the cemetery system includes clan cemetery, Royal Cemetery and Zhongshan cemetery. In the form of tombs, "Zhongshan in different periods"
Tombs can be divided into four categories according to the size of tombs. There are only small and medium-sized tombs in Zhongshan tombs during the spring and Autumn period and the early Warring States period.
There are mainly differences between martyrs' tombs and non martyrs' tombs. In the early Warring States period, there were earth caves and vertical grave tombs and stone pits in vertical pits.
The tombs of Lingshou during the Warring States period can be divided into large Zhongshan monarch tombs, larger aristocratic tombs, burial tombs and other small and medium-sized tombs.
There are four types of burial, showing a strong hierarchy. In the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, there were six kinds of body burial in Zhongshan.
In the spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period, the tombs of the city site of Lingshou gradually spread to the north.
There are obvious characteristics of northern nationalities in all kinds of practical implements and funerary objects. Burials of different classes in the city site of Lingshou are buried.
There are pottery vessels. The quantity, type and manufacturing process of pottery vessels vary with time and class, but they do not form strict rules.
In addition, the stone structure tombs in Zhongshan, the customs of funeral decorations and the forms and decorations of funerary objects show.
The characteristics of the funeral customs of the Zhongshan land.
Seventh the religious etiquette and custom of Zhongshan includes three aspects: worship of ancestor god, worship of natural gods, Yu Bu and physiognomy.
All walks of life in Zhongshan enjoy worship of ancestors and gods. Ancestor worship uses a large number of hunted objects as offerings.
The custom of the memorial ceremony is a feature of Zhongshan. The worship of natural gods in Zhongshan includes mountains and rivers, and the worship of clubs. Zhongshan.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：K231

【引证文献】