唐代铁券相关问题研究
发布时间：2018-08-18 12:15
【摘要】： 铁券是古代帝王赏赐给勋臣或重臣的一种带有盟约性质的信物。其内容镌刻在铁制的器物之上,主要是著录受赐者的显赫功勋,赞颂其美德,并具有一定免死特权。据文献记载,铁券出现于西汉,魏晋以降多有颁赐。其功用主要体现两个方面：一是褒奖勋功,二是安抚和笼络。有唐一代,也曾颁赐过大量的铁券。铁券具有浓厚的政治性功能,在唐朝的政治生活中起到不可忽视的重要作用,是维护和巩固统治的有力法宝。 本文在前人研究的基础上另辟蹊径,进一步搜集、整理铁券的相关文献和考古资料,全方面、多角度地对唐代铁券进行系统、深入的研究。全文包括绪论、正文和总结三个部分,共分七章： 第一章,回顾20世纪50年代以来学术界研究唐代铁券的历程,说明研究唐代铁券的学术价值和理论意义。唐代铁券的研究经历了徘徊迷茫,渐入佳境,到趋于深化的过程。前辈学者主要是从档案学角度,以武周盟誓铁券和钱昤铁券为对象,对唐代铁券的形制和券文做了一些研究。总体而言,目前学术界对唐代铁券的相关研究无论是宏观还是微观仍比较薄弱。因此,有必要继续对唐代铁券的内涵、特征、功能、价值取向等方面进行深入考察。从学术的角度讲,探究唐代时期铁券制度对当时的作用和后世的影响,无疑是一项十分有意义的工作。 第二章,研究铁券的渊源及其形制,旨在对认识唐代铁券奠定良好的基础。唐代铁券的渊源可以追溯到汉代。汉高祖为了酬赏立下汗马功劳的功臣,开始用铁券与功臣盟誓。魏晋南北朝时期,统治者也颁赐了不少铁券,从而使铁券颁赐逐渐制度化。铁券因制作材料和工艺不同,有“银券”“金券”等不同称呼,其形制大同小异,都是统治阶级维护和巩固自己统治的工具。 第三章,按时间顺序论述唐代的铁券颁赐,揭示唐代铁券颁赐的时代特征。以安史之乱为界,将唐代的铁券颁赐分为前后两个时期。唐代前期,高祖、高宗、武则天、中宗、睿宗和玄宗都有颁赐铁券之举。这一时期对铁券的颁赐较为严格,主要是用来褒奖功臣或羁縻外蕃的,铁券的功能主要体现在盟誓方面。唐代后期,由于政治局面发生了巨大变化,铁券颁赐明显增多,特别是肃宗、代宗、德宗诸朝,曾大量颁赐铁券,甚至出现滥赐的现象。铁券赏赐成为缓和矛盾的一种权宜之计,无法从根本上解决问题。 第四章,选择典型对唐代铁券进行个案研究,揭示唐代颁赐铁券的具体情况。以刘文静、安禄山、郭子仪、仆固怀恩、钱昤等人为例,详细考察了唐代几个最有代表性的铁券受赐者。唐代获赐铁券者的命运是不同的,有对朝廷忠心耿耿,荣宠一生；也有恃券而骄恣跋扈,甚至走向叛乱之路的,其个人的命运与唐代历史背景、帝王个人喜好、猜忌因素是紧密相连的。铁券只是帝王用来维护和巩固统治的策略和手段,在不危及其统治时,获赐者有一个好的结局,反之,铁券便失去免死功效。 第五章,研究唐代铁券的颁赐对象,分析唐代铁券授受的特点。纵观唐代铁券颁赐的实态,可知赏赐的对象主要有开国元勋及拥立功臣、靖难功臣、归附的蕃酋首领、强藩悍将、有功宦官及其他宠臣六种。唐初铁券颁赐的对象主要是开国元勋,中、睿宗时期主要颁赐给拥立功臣,玄宗主要是颁赐个少数民族首领,安史之乱后则以平乱功臣和藩帅悍将为主。安史之乱前,铁券颁赐的范围较小。安史之乱后,铁券颁赐的对象明显扩大。其基本特点是：颁赐范围广、羁縻外蕃、恩宠蕃将、褒奖武官等。 第六章,探讨唐代颁赐铁券的原因及其免死特权。唐代铁券的赏赐主要有沿袭旧制、尚武风气、中央集权逐渐衰弱三个方面原因。它的运用与政治的现实需要是紧密相连的。通过对唐代获赐铁券者的免死次数、死亡情况的分析,发现随着政局的演变,唐政府将铁券免死次数和相关特权的筹码不断增加,并达到前所未有的高潮。总体上,唐代铁券免死功能较好地实现。但因为铁券的免死特权与皇权二者存在的矛盾和冲突是不可避免的,在具体实践过程中,铁券免死不是一成不变的。在君臣矛盾加剧时,铁券盟誓的免死功能与信用原则也随之而弱化与丧失而成为一纸空文。同时,铁券免死特权对法律的公正性,正常的国家行政也会产生了一定的干扰和破坏,这是皇权专政不可避免的一个弊端体现。 第七章,论述唐代帝王在赏赐铁券时所产生的影响以及其价值取向。帝王在颁赐铁券时,铁券不仅仅是荣耀,还赋予了政治上、经济上、司法上诸多的特权,甚至还荫及其子孙后代。很多获赐铁券的勋功在当时或是死后都享受到统治者礼制上的尊崇。此外,唐代铁券对后世产生深远影响,尤其是明朝,明代铁券是以唐末颁赐给钱锣铁券为蓝本,仿唐而制,并已经建立起了一套比较严格的铁券赏赐的制度。通过唐宋至明清时期的文学作品分析得知,有些人还将获取铁券作为自己的奋斗目标。这种价值取向不仅仅在达官贵族上层社会出现,对普通大众人们的思想和观念也产生了深远的影响。 本文的创新之处主要是采用微观与宏观相结合的方法,对唐代铁券相关问题进行了全面深入的探讨,着重论述了唐代铁券颁赐的时代特征,分析了唐人铁券颁赐的原因及作用。认为唐代铁券在颁赐对象、表现内容和形式上都发生了很大的变化,具有明显的时代性特征。铁券在唐朝的政治生活中具有浓厚的政治性功能,起到不可忽视的重要作用,同时也存在一些问题。从唐代铁券制度的演变轨迹来看,礼法制度下的铁券免死特权的实现是一把双刃剑,一方面可能维护皇权,另一方面也可能对皇权造成伤害。
[Abstract]:Iron vouchers are a kind of covenant-like relics bestowed by ancient emperors on honorable or important officials. Their contents are engraved on iron objects, mainly describing the honorable deeds of the recipients, praising their virtues and having certain death-saving privileges. Face: One is to commend and reward meritorious deeds, the other is to appease and trap. In the Tang Dynasty, a large number of iron vouchers were awarded. Iron vouchers have a strong political function, play an important role in the political life of the Tang Dynasty, and are a powerful magic weapon to safeguard and consolidate the rule.
On the basis of previous studies, this paper finds a new way to collect and collate the relevant documents and archaeological data of iron vouchers. It makes a systematic and in-depth study of iron vouchers in the Tang Dynasty from various angles.
The first chapter reviews the history of the study of iron vouchers in the Tang Dynasty since the 1950s and explains the academic value and theoretical significance of the study of iron vouchers in the Tang Dynasty. On the whole, the academic circles are still weak in the study of iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty, either macroscopic or microscopic. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to study the connotation, characteristics, functions and value orientation of iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty. The voucher system is undoubtedly a very meaningful work for the effect of that time and future generations.
The origin of iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty can be traced back to the Han Dynasty. In order to reward the meritorious officials, Han Gaozu began to use iron vouchers and vows of alliance. Institutionalization. Iron vouchers have different titles, such as "silver vouchers" and "gold vouchers" because of their different materials and crafts. They are similar in form and form, and they are both tools for the ruling class to maintain and consolidate its rule.
The third chapter discusses the issue of iron vouchers in the Tang Dynasty in chronological order, revealing the characteristics of the Tang Dynasty. In the late Tang Dynasty, due to the great changes in the political situation, the granting of iron vouchers increased significantly, especially in the Suzong, Daizhong and Dezong dynasties. A large number of iron vouchers were awarded and even abused. There is no way to solve the problem fundamentally.
In the fourth chapter, the author chooses typical cases to study the iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty and reveals the concrete situation of the iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty. The fate of the individual is closely related to the historical background of the Tang Dynasty, the personal preferences of the emperors, and the factors of suspicion. Death.
In the fifth chapter, the author studies the granting objects of iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty and analyzes the characteristics of the granting of iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty. During the period of Anshi Rebellion, the scope of iron tickets was small. After Anshi Rebellion, the objects of iron tickets were obviously expanded. Its basic characteristics were: wide range of grants, detention of foreign governments, favor and favor. Will, praise military officers and so on.
Chapter Six discusses the reasons why iron vouchers were granted in the Tang Dynasty and their privileges of death-free.The reward of iron vouchers in the Tang Dynasty is mainly due to following the old system,advocating martial arts and weakening centralization of power.Its application is closely related to the actual needs of politics.Through the analysis of the number of death-free persons granted iron vouchers in the Tang Dynasty and the death situation,it is found that with the development of politics. In general, the function of death exemption of iron tickets in Tang Dynasty was well realized. However, the contradiction and conflict between the privilege of death exemption of iron tickets and the imperial power were inevitable. In the process of concrete practice, the death exemption of iron tickets was not 10%. At the same time, the privilege of death exemption of iron vouchers will interfere with and destroy the justice of law and the normal state administration, which is an unavoidable malpractice of the imperial dictatorship.
The seventh chapter discusses the influence and value orientation of the emperors in the Tang Dynasty when they awarded iron vouchers. When emperors awarded iron vouchers, iron vouchers were not only honorable, but also endowed with many political, economic, judicial privileges, and even returned shade to their descendants. In addition, iron vouchers in the Tang Dynasty exerted a far-reaching influence on later generations. Especially in the Ming Dynasty, iron vouchers in the Ming Dynasty were made by imitating the Tang Dynasty, and a strict system of iron vouchers was established. This kind of value orientation not only appeared in the upper class of the nobles but also exerted a far-reaching influence on the thoughts and ideas of the ordinary people.
The innovation of this paper is mainly to adopt the method of combining microcosmic and macroscopical to thoroughly discuss the related problems of iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty, emphatically expound the characteristics of the times of iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty, analyze the reasons and functions of iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty. From the evolution of the iron voucher system in the Tang Dynasty, the realization of the privilege of death-free iron voucher under the ritual system is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it may protect the emperor. Right, on the other hand, it may also hurt the imperial power.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K242
本文编号：2189441
[Abstract]:Iron vouchers are a kind of covenant-like relics bestowed by ancient emperors on honorable or important officials. Their contents are engraved on iron objects, mainly describing the honorable deeds of the recipients, praising their virtues and having certain death-saving privileges. Face: One is to commend and reward meritorious deeds, the other is to appease and trap. In the Tang Dynasty, a large number of iron vouchers were awarded. Iron vouchers have a strong political function, play an important role in the political life of the Tang Dynasty, and are a powerful magic weapon to safeguard and consolidate the rule.
On the basis of previous studies, this paper finds a new way to collect and collate the relevant documents and archaeological data of iron vouchers. It makes a systematic and in-depth study of iron vouchers in the Tang Dynasty from various angles.
The first chapter reviews the history of the study of iron vouchers in the Tang Dynasty since the 1950s and explains the academic value and theoretical significance of the study of iron vouchers in the Tang Dynasty. On the whole, the academic circles are still weak in the study of iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty, either macroscopic or microscopic. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to study the connotation, characteristics, functions and value orientation of iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty. The voucher system is undoubtedly a very meaningful work for the effect of that time and future generations.
The origin of iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty can be traced back to the Han Dynasty. In order to reward the meritorious officials, Han Gaozu began to use iron vouchers and vows of alliance. Institutionalization. Iron vouchers have different titles, such as "silver vouchers" and "gold vouchers" because of their different materials and crafts. They are similar in form and form, and they are both tools for the ruling class to maintain and consolidate its rule.
The third chapter discusses the issue of iron vouchers in the Tang Dynasty in chronological order, revealing the characteristics of the Tang Dynasty. In the late Tang Dynasty, due to the great changes in the political situation, the granting of iron vouchers increased significantly, especially in the Suzong, Daizhong and Dezong dynasties. A large number of iron vouchers were awarded and even abused. There is no way to solve the problem fundamentally.
In the fourth chapter, the author chooses typical cases to study the iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty and reveals the concrete situation of the iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty. The fate of the individual is closely related to the historical background of the Tang Dynasty, the personal preferences of the emperors, and the factors of suspicion. Death.
In the fifth chapter, the author studies the granting objects of iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty and analyzes the characteristics of the granting of iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty. During the period of Anshi Rebellion, the scope of iron tickets was small. After Anshi Rebellion, the objects of iron tickets were obviously expanded. Its basic characteristics were: wide range of grants, detention of foreign governments, favor and favor. Will, praise military officers and so on.
Chapter Six discusses the reasons why iron vouchers were granted in the Tang Dynasty and their privileges of death-free.The reward of iron vouchers in the Tang Dynasty is mainly due to following the old system,advocating martial arts and weakening centralization of power.Its application is closely related to the actual needs of politics.Through the analysis of the number of death-free persons granted iron vouchers in the Tang Dynasty and the death situation,it is found that with the development of politics. In general, the function of death exemption of iron tickets in Tang Dynasty was well realized. However, the contradiction and conflict between the privilege of death exemption of iron tickets and the imperial power were inevitable. In the process of concrete practice, the death exemption of iron tickets was not 10%. At the same time, the privilege of death exemption of iron vouchers will interfere with and destroy the justice of law and the normal state administration, which is an unavoidable malpractice of the imperial dictatorship.
The seventh chapter discusses the influence and value orientation of the emperors in the Tang Dynasty when they awarded iron vouchers. When emperors awarded iron vouchers, iron vouchers were not only honorable, but also endowed with many political, economic, judicial privileges, and even returned shade to their descendants. In addition, iron vouchers in the Tang Dynasty exerted a far-reaching influence on later generations. Especially in the Ming Dynasty, iron vouchers in the Ming Dynasty were made by imitating the Tang Dynasty, and a strict system of iron vouchers was established. This kind of value orientation not only appeared in the upper class of the nobles but also exerted a far-reaching influence on the thoughts and ideas of the ordinary people.
The innovation of this paper is mainly to adopt the method of combining microcosmic and macroscopical to thoroughly discuss the related problems of iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty, emphatically expound the characteristics of the times of iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty, analyze the reasons and functions of iron vouchers in Tang Dynasty. From the evolution of the iron voucher system in the Tang Dynasty, the realization of the privilege of death-free iron voucher under the ritual system is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it may protect the emperor. Right, on the other hand, it may also hurt the imperial power.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K242
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前1条
1 仝佛光;唐代军队纪律及其相关问题研究[D];陕西师范大学;2012年
，本文编号：2189441
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