商代聚落体系及其社会功能研究

发布时间：2018-08-25 09:18

【摘要】：聚落形态是运用考古资料对社会形态进行多层次的科学研究的一个重要方法，在历史、考古学研究中具有越来越重要的作用。利用聚落形态研究中国古代特别是周秦以前的历史，可以生动反映当时人们的生存状况及社会结构，完整展现当时社会的政治、经济、文化景观，并可从一个独特的视角反映当时人类社会生活与地理环境、生态环境的关联。不同的聚落类型与文化内涵是确定古代不同族属分布活动范围的决定性因素。 20世纪40年代，聚落形态研究兴起于美国，进而广泛应用于历史、考古学研究领域之中。80年代以来，中国历史、考古学界开始关注这一新兴领域，在运用聚落形态研究方法探讨古代社会形态和社会组织结构取得重大进展的同时，在中国古代文明起源和早期国家发展及推动其他相关学科的研究上也起到了不可替代的作用。殷商聚落形态研究，，不仅有利于解决商代乃至三代时期许多相关问题，而且对于中国古代国家的起源、形成与发展的研究也有着十分重要的学术意义。对于学术界聚讼未决的一些问题如夏商时代的社会性质、夏商周三族源流、中国奴隶社会的形态与发展、商代的社会结构和政体、商代的基层社会组织和家庭模式、商代疆域及其与周围部族的文化交往等问题的研究，都与商代聚落研究有密切关系。所以说商代聚落研究是先秦史研究尤其是商史研究的重要组成部分。本文以辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义为指导，运用聚落形态的研究方法，首次对商代聚落进行了较为系统的尝试性研究。在某种意义上，揭示了商代历史的一个横断面。笔者认为，对于文献记载匮乏的商代历史研究来说，本文研究对于廓清商代历史概貌具有积极的意义。本文约30万字，共分五章。第一章宏观、系统地介绍国内外关于聚落研究的发展历程，明确本文的研究方法和意义，廓清相关概念，简单勾画出商代聚落体系的总概貌。第二章分析、论证商代中心聚落的基本形态及其社会功能，材料选取自学术界已基本达成共识的三大都城——偃师商城、郑州商城、殷墟，详细分析商代中心聚落的规模、总体布局、宫殿建筑形态及其作用、手工业种类及对商代社会生产的反映、居民构成等，以此为据论证其政治、经济、文化功能。关于中心聚落社会功能的论证是重点。第三章采取第二章的研究方法，分析、论证商代地区中心聚落的基本形态及其社会功能，材料选取自考古发现的重要聚落——如垣曲商城、东下冯商城、焦作府城、盘龙城、藁城台西、济南大辛庄、陕西老牛坡等。第四章选取伊洛河和洹河流域拉网式调查所获商代大型村落、小村落的基本材料，分析归纳商代聚落体系中基层聚落的一般形态及其与各级中心聚落的主从、隶属关系，再以甲骨卜辞中有关“邑”的记载作为本文所论的理论支撑，再从理论上分析商代聚落体系形成的社会要素。第五章集中、详细地论证商代聚落的动态分布所直观反映的商文化和商王朝势力的消涨、商代城市聚落的择立要素及其社会功能的多元一体、盘龙城与早商政权在长江流域的势力扩张、商代聚落模式及其所体现的政治经济景观等。对这些独立成节的问题的理论探讨，都从不同侧面对商代聚落层级及其功能作以阐述或总结，以增强全文的系统性和学术性。通过分析，可将商代聚落划分为四个等级:全国性中心聚落(即堰师商城、郑州商城、殷墟等王朝都城)、地区性中心聚落(盘龙城、垣曲商城、老牛坡、大辛庄、焦作府城等)、大型村落(巩义稍柴、平阴朱家桥等)和小村落。中心聚落是商王国的政治、经济和文化中心，是全国的统治中枢，商王室、公卿百官、王国军队驻扎于此，宫殿、祖庙社翟、王陵等代表当时的权力机构、礼乐设施、等级制度的物化表征汇集于此，是国家权力、财富和时代文化的象征。地区性中心聚落可分二部分:一为商王分封的王室成员的领地的统治中心，其文化内涵与面貌与王歌地区相同，反映了与商王朝密切的政治、文化关系;一为臣服的异帮部族、受商王封号而形成的方国政权中心，由于原有文化因素的承继及与商王朝松散的联系，在文化内涵和文化规格上表现出以中原商文化因素为主、以土著文化因素为辅的混合特征。作为地区政治中心，标示着权力和地位的宫殿、宗庙、贵族墓葬等高规格文化设施也有遗存。除了奴隶主贵族集团、大量平民阶层遗留下明显的生活遗存外，奴隶也在此留下了明显的生活、生产遗迹。大型村落的规模和规格介于地区中心聚落和小村落之间，是商王朝和方(封) 国统治者联系基层社会组织的中介，是统治集团治理基层社会的代表或代言人，应有承上启下的中层管理人员，反映了商王和方国诸侯建立的基层权力组织的状况，其社会形态表现出聚族而居、聚族而葬和简单的等级划分，居民以大量的平民构成。小村落是一个个单一血缘关系的氏族聚落，居民成分单一、社会地位平等，其社会经济生活以定居的农耕为主、渔猎为辅。在此，至今未发现奴隶存在的痕迹。小村落构成商王朝最基本的社会组织，为各级统治者提供各种生活物品(如农副产品)和力役，应有基层管理人员或结合宗族进行管理。商代聚落体系呈现金字塔式等级结构，形成其自上而下的垂直管理体系，从而构成?
[Abstract]:Settlement morphology is an important method of multi-level scientific research on social morphology by using archaeological data. It is playing an increasingly important role in history and archaeology. The political, economic and cultural landscape of the society at that time can reflect the relationship between human social life, geographical environment and ecological environment from a unique perspective.
Since the 1980s, Chinese history and Archaeology circles have begun to pay attention to this new field. They have made great progress in the study of ancient social morphology and social organizational structure by using the method of settlement morphology. The study of the settlement form of Yin and Shang Dynasties is not only helpful to solve many related problems in Shang Dynasty and even in the three generations, but also of great academic significance to the study of the origin, formation and development of ancient China. Some unsolved issues in the academic circles, such as the social nature of the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the origin of the three nationalities in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the form and development of the Chinese slave society, the social structure and political system of the Shang Dynasty, the grass-roots social organization and family pattern of the Shang Dynasty, the territory of the Shang Dynasty and its cultural contacts with the surrounding tribes, are all related to the study Therefore, the study of Shang Dynasty settlements is an important part of the study of the history of pre-Qin Dynasty, especially of the history of Shang Dynasty.Guided by dialectical materialism and historical materialism, this paper makes a systematic and tentative study of Shang Dynasty settlements for the first time by using the method of settlement morphology.In a sense, it reveals the history of Shang Dynasty. In my opinion, this study is of positive significance to clarify the general picture of the history of the Shang Dynasty.
This paper is about 30 words, which is divided into five chapters.
In the first chapter, the author systematically introduces the development process of the settlement research at home and abroad, clarifies the research methods and significance, clarifies the related concepts, and simply outlines the general outline of the Shang Dynasty settlement system.
Chapter two analyzes the basic form and social function of the central settlement in Shang Dynasty. The materials are selected from three metropolitan cities which have been basically agreed by the academic circles: Yanshi Mall, Zhengzhou Mall and Yinxu. The scale, overall layout, palace architectural form and function of the central settlement in Shang Dynasty are analyzed in detail. The demonstration of the social function of the central settlement is the key point.
Chapter three analyzes the basic form and social function of the central settlements in Shang Dynasty by adopting the research method of Chapter Two. The materials are selected from the important settlements discovered by archaeology, such as Yuanqu Mall, Dongxia Fengcheng Mall, Jiaozuo Fucheng, Panlong City, Gaocheng Taixi, Daxinzhuang in Jinan and Laoniupo in Shaanxi.
Chapter Four selects the basic materials of large-scale and small villages in Shang Dynasty which were collected from the pull-net survey of Yiluo River and Huanhe River valley, analyzes and summarizes the general form of the grass-roots settlements in the Shang Dynasty settlement system and their relationship with the principal and subordinate of the central settlements at all levels, and then takes the records of "yi" in oracle bone inscriptions as the theoretical support of this paper. The formation of the settlement system in Shang Dynasty is theoretically analyzed.
Social elements.
Chapter Five focuses on the detailed demonstration of the Shang culture and the disappearance of Shang Dynasty power, which is directly reflected by the dynamic distribution of Shang Dynasty settlements.
Shang Dynasty's Urban Settlements'Selective Elements and Their Social Functions: Panlong City and the Early Shang Dynasty's Tendency in the Yangtze River Basin
Strength expansion, settlement pattern of Shang Dynasty and its political and economic landscape.
In order to enhance the systematicness and academics of the full text, the paper expounds and summarizes the levels and functions of Shang settlement from different aspects.
Through the analysis, the Shang Dynasty settlements can be divided into four grades: the National Central settlements (that is, Yanshi Mall, Zhengzhou Mall,
Yin Ruins and other dynastic capitals, regional centers (Panlong City, Yuanqu Mall, Lao Niupo, Daxinzhuang, Jiaozuofu City, etc.),
Large villages (Gongyi slightly firewood, Pingyin Zhujiaqiao, etc.) and small villages. The central settlements are in the political, economic and cultural context of the Shang kingdom.
The heart is the ruling center of the whole country, Shang Royal family, government officials, Imperial troops stationed here, palaces, ancestral temples Zhai, mausoleum and so on.
The materialized representations of the institutions of power, the facilities of rites and music, and the hierarchy of the time are gathered here. They are the powers, the wealth, and the times of the state.
Cultural symbols. Regional central settlements can be divided into two parts: one is the ruling center of the territory of the Shang Dynasty's Royal family, and the other is the ruling center of the Shang Dynasty.
The cultural connotation and appearance are the same as those of Wang Ge area, which reflects the close political and cultural relationship with Shang Dynasty; the first is the subordinate alien gang.
The tribe, the center of the Fangguo regime formed under the title of the Shang Dynasty, was inherited by the original cultural factors and loosely connected with the Shang Dynasty.
In terms of cultural connotation and cultural specifications, it shows the mixed characteristics of the Central Plains merchant culture and the aboriginal culture.
As a regional political center, palaces, temples, aristocratic tombs and other high-standard cultural facilities are also left.
Apart from the slave-owner aristocratic group, a large number of civilian class left a distinct legacy of life, slaves also left a distinct life here.
The scale and specifications of the large villages lie between the central and small villages in the region. They were the Hefang (feudal) of the Shang Dynasty.
The intermediary between the rulers of the state and the grass-roots social organizations is the representative or spokesperson of the ruling groups in governing the grass-roots social organizations, which should serve as a link between the past and the future.
The lower middle-level managers reflected the situation of the grass-roots power organizations established by the Shang King and the Fang Kingdom, and their social forms showed.
A small village is a single kinship.
Relational clan settlements have a single inhabitant composition and equal social status. Their social and economic life is dominated by settled farming, fishing and hunting.
As a supplement, there is no trace of the existence of slaves. Small villages constituted the most basic social organization of the Shang Dynasty and were unified at all levels.
Governors who provide a variety of living goods (such as agricultural and sideline products) and forced labor should be managed by grassroots managers or in combination with the clan.
The generation settlement system presents a pyramidal hierarchical structure, forming its top-down vertical management system, thus constituting?
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：K223

【引证文献】