明代湖广地区城池修筑研究

发布时间：2018-08-29 14:19

【摘要】：元末明初之际,朱元璋率部攻灭陈友谅、进取湖广各地的过程中,各府、州级中心城治、边远“苗患”及寇乱地区率皆设立卫所、筑城守御,辅以巡检司等防御力量,这些加强地方军事控制的活动持续到洪武末年。洪武时期的修城以驻军各地为主,以卫所驻防为主、地方武装为辅,以城池防御为主要形式的全省安全防御体系由此而初具规模。多重防御力量的障护之下,诸多腹里县治安全无虞,因而多有不修治城防的情形。修城易于招致民怨,明太祖素以体恤民力为重,故而并未通令地方修城。明中期以后,武备废弛,城池失修,湖广地区于此为甚。成化至正德间,流民、“苗蛮”等纷起作乱。寇乱威胁之下,各地率皆修城自保,并加强巡检司、民壮等防御力量。嘉靖朝水灾频发,各处城池广受其害而多有修城之举。隆庆至万历前期,朝廷着力整饬武备,湖广各地修饬城防的活动在省府上层推动下广而展开。寇患威胁之下,各处城池的防御能力经过历次修城而逐步增强,但不少偏安之地修城尤为迟缓。万历中期以后,修城少有兴举,至崇祯年间,湖广各地多有修城御寇之举,但终难护卫行将倾覆的大明江山。明代湖广各式城池规模、规制不等,可分为府州县建制城池、苗区独立卫所城池与巡检司、哨堡等小型驻防城三类,三者功能颇有不同。此外,也可分为土城和砖、石城两类,明中期以后各地修筑砖、石城渐趋普及。地形环境等是制约城池规模的重要因素,军士、商民人众的聚居生息与日渐深重的寇盗威胁是各地增拓城池的主要动因,而便民、交通、风水以及安全等方面的考虑是影响各地城门设置的主要因素。各处城池实为以城墙为主体,辅以濠池、城门、城楼、雉堞、串楼、敌台、窝铺等附属设施而构成的城池防御体系。以水患为主的多种自然灾害对于城池多有危害,增强城池防洪排涝等防灾、抗灾的能力遂成为各地修城的重要内容之一。作为重要的公共设施与城市外部环境的主要组成部分,城池及其局部常常被地方官、民从政治、民生、风水、城市景观等方面赋予了各种特殊的意义,并加以各式改造和利用,从而在防御功能之外兼具了其他多方面的特殊功能。明代修城等工程的管理制度较为完备,朝廷、省府对于地方城工的管制颇为严密。湖广各地明前期修城多以驻防官兵为主,使用民力不多；明中期以后,卫所日渐衰颓,地方官府、民众转而成为承担修城劳力、经费的主要力量。修城物料方面,砖瓦、石灰等多为开窑烧制,木、石等材料多为人力开采,反映了明代建筑材料的生产、流通尚欠发达的事实。修城经费或出于官,或取于民,筹措途径多端,各地官府奏请留用赃罚银渐为常例。明中期以后,湖广各处城池维护不善颇为常见,而尤以承平时期为甚。修城往往难免主事者侵渔钱粮、征派扰民、城工苟且粗劣等弊端；另一方面,修城需要官民通力协作,具有整合社会力量、维系官民关系、稳定地方秩序等独特功能。终明之世,尽管各地修城活动多有兴举,但多为迫于寇患威胁、上峰压力不得已而为之,官民习于安逸、修城消极懈怠实为全国各地普遍的情形。不利的地形环境、官民财力匮乏、主事官员因循苟且、上级奖励至为微薄,深受儒家思想影响的民情物议习于将修城视作劳民伤财,凡此种种主观、客观方面的不利因素交相作用,构成了制约各地修城活动的重重障碍。以城垣高度、敌台建置等作为衡量标尺,湖广城池的防御能力明显不及山西、东南沿海两地,此为腹里之地、边防要区在国家军事防御格局中地位轻重殊异的反映。偏重近畿、北边防御而轻于腹里、南方的格局之下,各地“边费”供输繁巨,加剧了中央、地方的财政危机。湖广各地赋役繁重、支应浩繁的困境之下,地方公共事务率皆困顿苟且,而修城不积极亦为其中一端而已。
[Abstract]:At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang led his ministry to attack and destroy Chen Youlang. In the course of advancing into Huguang and other parts of the country, all prefectures, central cities at the state level, remote "Miao-dian" and rebellious areas set up sanctuaries, built city defenses, supplemented by patrol inspectors and other defensive forces. These activities to strengthen local military control continued until the end of Hongwu. The security defense system of the whole province, which is mainly based on the garrison, supplemented by local armed forces, and mainly in the form of city defense, has taken shape. Under the protection of multiple defense forces, many counties in the abdomen are safe and secure, so they often do not practise urban defense. The city construction is easy to cause resentment among the people, and the Ming Emperor Taizu emphasizes on sympathy for the people. The local repair city was not ordered.
After the mid-Ming Dynasty, the armed forces were abandoned and the city was out of repair. The Huguang area was even worse. Chenghua to Zhengde, refugees, "Miao Man" and other riots. Under the threat of the rebellion, all parts of the country built their own cities and strengthened the defensive forces such as inspectors and the people. Floods occurred frequently in the Jiajing Dynasty, and many of the cities were damaged by them. Under the threat of aggression, the defense capability of the various cities was gradually strengthened through successive redevelopments, but many of them were particularly slow. After the mid-Wanli period, the redevelopment of the city was seldom carried out. In the Chongzhen period, the redevelopment of the city was carried out in many parts of Huguang. But it will be difficult to protect the Daming mountains that will be overthrown.
Huguang in the Ming Dynasty has different sizes and regulations, which can be divided into three types: prefectural and county-built city, Miao independent sanctuary city and inspection department, sentry castle and other small garrison city. In addition, they can also be divided into earthen city and brick, stone city. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, brick construction around the city, stone city is becoming more and more popular. Important factors, sergeants, merchants and the growing threat of pirates are the main reasons for the expansion of the city, and convenience, transportation, geomantic omen and security considerations are the main factors affecting the gates.
The defense system of the city pools is composed of the city walls as the main body, the city gates, the city towers, the pheasant towers, the cascade towers, the enemy's platform, the nests and other ancillary facilities. Many natural disasters mainly caused by floods are harmful to the city pools. Strengthening the city's flood prevention and drainage and other disasters makes the ability to resist disasters an important part of the city construction. The important public facilities and the main components of the city's external environment, the city and its parts are often given special significance by local officials and people from the political, people's livelihood, geomantic omen, urban landscape and other aspects, and are transformed and utilized in various ways, thus having other special functions besides the defensive function.
In the early Ming Dynasty, most of Huguang's cities were built mainly by garrisoned officers and soldiers, but not by civilians; after the mid-Ming Dynasty, the sanctuary declined gradually, and the local government and the people became the main force to bear the labor and funds for the city's construction. Noodles, bricks and tiles, lime, etc. are mostly fired in kilns, wood and stone are mostly mined by manpower, reflecting the fact that the production and circulation of building materials in the Ming Dynasty were still undeveloped. On the other hand, the construction of a city requires the concerted efforts of the government and the people, which has the unique functions of integrating social forces, maintaining the relationship between the government and the people, and stabilizing local order.
In the end of the Ming Dynasty, although there were many activities to build cities, most of them were threatened by the aggressors, and the pressure was forced to do so. Officials and civilians were comfortable and slack in building cities, which was a common situation in all parts of the country. It is common practice for people to regard the city construction as labor and injury to their wealth. All these subjective and objective disadvantages interact with each other, which constitutes a serious obstacle to the city construction activities.
Taking the height of the city wall and the establishment of the enemy and Taiwan as the yardsticks, the defense capability of Huguang City Pool is obviously inferior to that of Shanxi and the southeast coastal areas. This is the hinterland. The important frontier defense areas have different status in the national military defense pattern. The financial crisis of the central and local governments was aggravated. Under the predicament of heavy taxation and numerous support, the local public affairs were all in a dilemma, and the inactive construction of the city was just one end of it.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K248

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