南宋军事领导体制研究

发布时间：2018-08-30 11:33

【摘要】： 军事制度是南宋国家制度的基本组成部分，南宋在继承北宋旧制的同时，因内外形势的变化，对军事制度从各方面均作出了调整，因而和北宋相比，呈现出很多不同的特征。本文通过对南宋军事制度中最基础部分的军事领导体制的研究，力求从一个侧面系统地揭示这种变化及其带来的作用和影响。本文共分五章。第一章探讨南宋的中央军事领导体制，南宋的中央军事领导体制基本秉承北宋文武分治的建构，在体制设计上，由枢密院和三省分掌文武大权，但在执行状态中，三省和枢密院长贰长期互相兼任，几乎绵延南宋整朝，并且二府长官长期合班奏事，直到最后成为常制，事实上打破了二府对峙的格局。此外，在中央军事决策和政令形成程序和方式方面，机速房的设置和二府对封缴制度的破坏，都使得军权被进一步集中，从而从整体上影响了南宋的军政格局。本文第二章、第三章和第四章主要探讨南宋的地方军事领导体制，将其划分为三个时期。前期从南宋建立到绍兴和议为止，中期从绍兴和议开始到开禧北伐为止，后期则从开禧北伐开始，一直延续到南宋结束。前期，从南宋建立到建炎四年六月，南宋王朝基本上维持着北宋的旧制，在制度上没有进行大刀阔斧的变更，其军事制度上最大的举措是全面推广安抚使制度，但其权限并未超出北宋安抚使的范围。在地方诸统军机构中，安抚使依然是御边的主体，临时性质的制置使则起着辅助的作用，此外，东京留守司和御营使司在地方军事体制上发挥着重要的作用。从建炎四年六月起，，南宋王朝在京湖和两淮地区设立镇抚使，行藩镇之法，而在其他地区维持旧制，此种格局基本延续到绍兴三年，到绍兴五年则完全结束。通过考察镇抚使和其他统军机构的关系以及江南几大安抚使的兵权，本文认为南宋此一时期地方军事领导体制设置的用意是以平息内乱为主，兼顾国防。从绍兴三年九月开始，诸大将统兵体制开始形成，其特征是担任制置使和宣抚使的诸将的防区开始稳定：在辖区重合的同级军事机构设置或在同一机构内部同级军事职官职权划分上，军事上以诸大将为主；在军队编制上，兵力逐渐向诸大将集中。诸大将统兵体制的成熟期是在绍兴五年十二月。中期，解除诸大将兵权后，南宋主力军队由诸都统制司和三衙直接管辖，并设立总领所专职供应在外诸大军的军需，总领所有责任向中央汇报在外诸军的情况，同时在招募军兵、升差将佐方面有明确的审查和监督权，总领所和都统制司共同构成南宋中央控制在外诸军的体制结构。都统制司和三衙拥有握兵权，但却没有用兵权，地方上的安抚使则兵权旁落，战争时期需要用兵时则由中央临时任命制置使等差遣统帅军队作战。四川地区由于情况特殊，长期设置安抚制置使和宣抚使，统揽军政大权，并在沿边地区以都统制兼驻地守臣和安抚使。除去四川地区外，南宋中期地方军事领导体制的特点可概括为“兵权散主”。孝宗北伐后，军队大规模的更戍成为常态，由此引起了诸统军机构关系的变化，沿边地区的安抚使和守臣因而获得了节制驻军的权力。后期，由于战争持续不断，南宋地方上军事机构设置频繁，发生了很大变动。此一时期地方军事领导体制的特点是既统又分，在统的方面，地方上在设立制置使、宣抚使、督府等大区域指挥机构的同时，对战区内部各统军机构权力又进行归并，并通过战区首长互兼和设立策应司、节制司等机构的方式加强战区之间的联系；在分的方面，战区内部又设立副使、分司和镇抚使、招抚使等小区域军区，地方州府则设置节制司，统辖驻地军队。在军队设置的变动中，都统制司统军体制逐步瓦解。本文第五章研究了南宋军事领导体制中的督府统军体制，南宋的督府分为都督府和督视府两种形式，在战时设立，其中的诸路都督府可视为战时全国最高军事指挥机构，其他督府则是地方最高统军机构。督府长官基本山三省和枢密院长贰兼任，拥有军权、财权和很大的人事权，权力高度集中。督府是南宋战时权力高度集中的产物，体现了中央对军事进行指挥的灵活性。
[Abstract]:Military system is the basic component of the state system of the Southern Song Dynasty. While inheriting the old system of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty made adjustments to the military system in various aspects because of the changes of internal and external situations. Therefore, compared with the Northern Song Dynasty, it presents many different characteristics. We try to reveal systematically this change and its effect and influence from one side.
The first chapter discusses the Central Military Leadership System of the Southern Song Dynasty. The Central Military Leadership System of the Southern Song Dynasty basically inherited the dividing rule of the Northern Song Dynasty. In the system design, the Privy Council and the three provinces assumed the power of the civil and military affairs respectively. But in the execution state, the three provinces and the Privy Council presidents worked together for a long time, almost extending the whole Southern Song Dynasty. In fact, the confrontation between the two governments was broken. In addition, the establishment of the speed room and the destruction of the feudal system by the two governments made the military power centralized further, thus affecting the military and political structure of the Southern Song Dynasty as a whole.
Chapter 2, Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 mainly discuss the local military leadership system in Southern Song Dynasty, and divide it into three periods.
In the early stage, from the founding of the Southern Song Dynasty to the fourth year of Jianyan in June, the Southern Song Dynasty basically maintained the old system of the Northern Song Dynasty. There was no drastic change in the system. The greatest measure in its military system was to promote the system of appeasement envoys in an all-round way, but its authority did not exceed the scope of appeasement envoys in the Northern Song Dynasty. From June 4, the Southern Song Dynasty established governors in the areas of Jinghu and Huaihe in order to practise the law of feudal towns, while maintaining the old system in other areas. This pattern basically continued until June 4. After investigating the relationship between Zhenfu envoy and other United Army organizations and the military power of several peace envoys in the south of the Yangtze River, this paper holds that the purpose of setting up the local military leadership system in the Southern Song Dynasty was to calm down civil strife and give consideration to national defense. Cheng was characterized by the stabilization of the defense zone of the generals who served as the command envoy and the Xuanfu envoy: in terms of the overlapping military structures at the same level or the division of the functions and powers of the military officers at the same level within the same organization, the military was dominated by the generals; in terms of the military establishment, the forces gradually concentrated to the generals. Xing five December.
In the middle period, the main army of the Southern Song Dynasty was directly under the jurisdiction of the commander-in-chief of Zhudu and the Sanyas, and the commander-in-chief was set up to provide full-time munitions to the foreign armies. The commander-in-chief was responsible for reporting to the central authorities the situation of the foreign armies. At the same time, he had clear power of examination and supervision in recruiting soldiers and promoting generals and assistants. In the Southern Song Dynasty, both commanders and Sanyas had the right to command, but they had no right to employ troops. The local pacification envoys had the right to employ troops, while the temporary appointment envoys and other commanders were sent to fight when they needed to employ troops during the war. Besides Sichuan, the characteristics of the local military leadership system in the middle of Southern Song Dynasty can be summarized as "the scattered masters of military power". The pacify and the courtier thus gained the power to control the garrison.
In the later period, because of the continuous war, the local military organizations in the Southern Song Dynasty were set up frequently and changed greatly. In this period, the local military leadership system was characterized by both unification and division. In addition, it strengthens the links between war zones by means of the merger of war zone commanders and the establishment of policy-making departments, control departments and other institutions; in terms of division, there are also sub-ambassadors, sub-commanders and governors'ambassadors, and other small regional military zones, while local prefectures and prefectures have set up control departments to control the stationed troops. The system gradually collapsed.
The fifth chapter of this paper studies the military leadership system in the Southern Song Dynasty. The governor's office in the Southern Song Dynasty is divided into two forms: the governor's office and the governor's office. The governor's office is established in wartime. The governor's office can be regarded as the highest military command organization in wartime, and the other governors office is the highest local military organization. The superintendent's office was the product of the high concentration of power in the Southern Song Dynasty, which embodied the flexibility of the central government in commanding the military.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K245

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