唐代“敕牒”考

发布时间：2018-09-03 06:45

【摘要】：开元十一年(723),中书门下宰相机构建立,敕牒随之产生。在唐代,敕牒作为七种正式王言之一,是由中书门下发出的奉"敕"而牒的公文。敕牒所奉敕命的性质,可以是敕旨、发日敕(或制书)、论事敕书(手诏)等其他六种王言,或是皇帝向中书门下直接发布的指令。敕牒可单独行下,亦可与其他王言共同行下。可用于批答奏状,亦可直接发布皇命。敕牒处理的可以是国家重要政务,亦可是琐细之务。敕牒的应用改变了唐代王言的运行途径。此前,全部王言经尚书都省勾检,并由省司以符牒的形式转发施行。敕牒则由中书门下行下,中书门下孔目房行使勾检权。唐代后期,都省对王言的勾检权形同虚设,最终不复存在。愈来愈多的皇命以敕牒和其他王言两种形式共同发布。中书门下孔目房实际上也承担了对这些非敕牒类王言的勾检责任。敕牒愈发具有尚书省转发制敕的符牒的功能。通过敕牒运行,颁布诏令权由尚书都省逐渐转移至中书门下手中,配合了中书门下掌控施政权的需要。敕牒的应用反映出从唐代前期至北宋行政运行体制演进过程中的公文运行特色。开元十一年以后的唐代行政运行体制是名副其实的"中书门下体制"。
[Abstract]:Kaiyuan eleven years (723), under the establishment of the prime minister, the ultimatum came into being. In the Tang Dynasty, ultimatum, as one of the seven official Wang Yan, was issued by the Chinese letter and ultimatum. The nature of the ultimatum can be a charter, a day (or book), on the other six kinds of Wang Yan, or the emperor directly issued instructions to the book. Ultimatums can be carried out alone, but also with other Wang Yan under the joint action. Can be used for batches, or directly issued imperial orders. Ultimatums can deal with important state affairs, but also trivial business. The application of ultimatum changed the operation of Wang Yan in Tang Dynasty. Before, all Wang Yan Shang Shu are checked, and by the provincial department in the form of ultimatum to carry out. Ultimatum by the book under the line, under the door of the book Kong Mu room to exercise the right to check. In the late Tang Dynasty, the right to check Wang Yan in Dudu province was virtually void and finally ceased to exist. More and more imperial orders were issued jointly in the form of ultimatum and other forms of Wang Yan. In fact, the book door under the Kong-mu room to these non-ultimatum Wang Yan check responsibility. The ultimatum has more and more the function of transferring the ultimatum. Through the operation of ultimatum, the power of issuing imperial edict was gradually transferred from Shangshu province to the hand under the door of Chinese calligraphy, which cooperated with the need of controlling power under the door of Chinese calligraphy. The application of the ultimatum reflects the characteristics of document operation from the early Tang Dynasty to the evolution of the administrative operating system of the Northern Song Dynasty. After 11 years of Kaiyuan, the administrative operation system of Tang Dynasty is a true system.
【作者单位】：山东大学历史文化学院;
【分类号】：K242;D691

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