唐代的自然灾害若干问题研究

发布时间：2018-09-03 10:27

【摘要】：本文通过对唐代自然灾害的统计和梳理,并结合唐人对主要自然灾害如水、旱、蝗、地震的认识,考察了唐代主要自然灾害发生的区域、类型、频率等时空特点,试图通过对唐代自然灾害的统计和分析,以及唐人对主要灾种的认识等层面入手,揭示唐代自然灾害的概貌和时人对灾荒的认知及其限度；此外,本文还结合《永乐大典方志辑佚》的相关材料,对唐宋救灾措施特别是义仓的变迁进行了初步考察,并结合唐代灾荒与吏治的关系对唐代救灾政策与民间救济进行了探讨,所获得的认识大体如次：通过对唐代自然灾害的分期统计,本文注意到已有史籍所记录的唐德宗朝以前的自然灾害较之此后相对要多得多,这一现象并不是因德宗朝以后自然灾害减少所致,而是与德宗朝前后各时期对自然灾害的关注程度密切相关,即政局的变化或许是导致中唐以前和中唐以后有关自然灾害之记录发生多寡变化的原因之一。通过对唐代自然灾害的分区统计,本文发现,有唐一代,不论是前期还是后期,关中一带自然灾害的记录颇为详备,这显与该区为唐代重要的政治中心有一定的关联。另外,从江南道、淮南道的自然灾害统计来看,德宗朝以前和以后发生了显著的变化。通过对唐代主要灾种如水、旱、蝗、地震的区域等时空分布特点的探讨,本文还发现：唐代水灾主要发生区域为关内道、河南道、江南道,且主要发生在唐高宗、玄宗、宪宗、文宗时期；旱灾发生的区域最多为关内道,其次为淮南道,最少为陇右道,进而发现唐高宗、德宗、文宗三个时期为旱灾的三个高发期；唐代蝗灾有近半灾次发生在黄河流域,且唐玄宗、唐文宗、唐懿宗三个时期为蝗灾高发期,本文对其原因提出了若干判断。本文另就唐代地震灾害的时空特点进行了探讨,认为唐代的地震记录在地域分布上极不平衡,这可能与各地文化发展程度有关,大抵是文化发展程度越高的地区,保留下来的记载越多,反之,即少。同时,与政治中心所在地亦相关联。关于唐人对水、旱、蝗、地震的认识,本文认为唐人对主要灾种的认识基本上仍然是所谓“天谴论”占主流,但另一方面与之对立的反“天谴论”的天观也已形成；本文复据《永乐大典方志辑佚》的相关记载对唐代的义仓变迁作了初步探讨,认为其极有可能是发展至宋代,与常平仓发生了一定的融合,抑或是设置时,依附于他仓。本文还附带地对唐代的灾荒与吏治之关系进行了分析,通过若干事例证实,唐代吏治的好坏与灾荒的后果息息相关。
[Abstract]:Based on the statistics of natural disasters in Tang Dynasty and the understanding of natural disasters in Tang Dynasty, such as water, drought, locust and earthquake, this paper investigates the space-time characteristics of the occurrence of major natural disasters in Tang Dynasty, such as region, type, frequency and so on. Through the statistics and analysis of natural disasters in Tang Dynasty and the understanding of major disasters in Tang Dynasty, this paper tries to reveal the general features of natural disasters in Tang Dynasty and the cognition and limitation of natural disasters in Tang Dynasty. This article also combined with the relevant materials of "Yongle Dadao Local Records", has carried on the preliminary investigation to the Tang and Song Dynasty disaster relief measures, especially the vicissitudes of the Yichang, and has carried on the discussion to the Tang Dynasty relief policy and the folk relief in the light of the relation between the Tang Dynasty famine and the official administration. According to the statistics of natural disasters in Tang Dynasty, this paper notes that the natural disasters recorded before Tang Dynasty were much more than those before Tang Dynasty. This phenomenon was not caused by the reduction of natural disasters after the Dezong dynasty, but was closely related to the attention paid to natural disasters during the period before and after the Dezong dynasty. That is to say, the change of political situation may be one of the reasons why the records of natural disasters changed before and after the middle Tang Dynasty. Based on the statistics of natural disasters in Tang Dynasty, this paper finds that the records of natural disasters in Guanzhong area in the early and late Tang dynasties are quite detailed, which is related to the fact that the region is an important political center in Tang Dynasty. In addition, according to the statistics of natural disasters in Jiangnan and Huainan, Dezong changed significantly before and after the reign. Based on the study of the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the main disasters in the Tang Dynasty, such as water, drought, locust and earthquake, it is also found that the main flood areas of the Tang Dynasty are Guannedao, Henan Road, Jiangnan Road, and mainly occurred in Gaozong, Xuanzong and Xianzong in the Tang Dynasty. Wenzong period; most of the drought occurred in the area of Guan Nai Dao, followed by Huainan Road, and at least Longyou Road. Then it was found that the three periods of high incidence of drought were Gao Zong, Dezong and Wenzong in the Tang Dynasty. Nearly half of the locust disasters in the Tang Dynasty occurred in the Yellow River Basin. Tang Xuanzong, Tang Wenzong and Tang Yizong are three periods of high locust plague. This paper also discusses the temporal and spatial characteristics of the earthquake disasters in Tang Dynasty. It is considered that the seismic records of the Tang Dynasty are extremely unbalanced in regional distribution, which may be related to the degree of cultural development in various places, and the higher the level of cultural development is, the higher the degree of cultural development is. The more records remain, the less. At the same time, it is related to the political center. As for the understanding of water, drought, locust and earthquake, this paper holds that the understanding of the main disasters in the Tang Dynasty is still the mainstream of the so-called "scourge theory", but on the other hand, the opposite view of heaven against "the scourge of heaven" has formed. In this paper, the author makes a preliminary discussion on the changes of the Yicang in the Tang Dynasty according to the relevant records of the Local Chronicles of Yongle Dadang, and holds that it may have developed into the Song Dynasty, merged with the Chang Ping Cang to a certain extent, or when it was set up, it was attached to other storehouses. This paper also analyzes the relationship between famine and officials in Tang Dynasty, and proves that the good or bad governance of officials in Tang Dynasty is closely related to the consequences of famine.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：X43;K242

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