先秦军礼研究

发布时间：2018-09-04 14:12

【摘要】：本文所谓的先秦军礼,是指从商代到战国之间,在战争前、战争过程中以及战争结束后所举行的一系列仪节,此外还包括与战争密切相关的军旗以及与军事有关的一些仪式。“国之大事,在祀与戎”,军礼则兼有祭祀与战争两种要素,但在“五礼”中,对于军礼的研究却相对薄弱。基于此,本文在借鉴前人研究成果的基础上,围绕先秦军礼及其相关问题进行探讨。绪论部分对军礼的内涵进行了界定,阐述了军礼研究的意义与价值。通过对学术前史的回顾,说明今人对先秦军礼研究的不足之处。本文选题的学术意义,不仅在于解决各种军礼仪节中所存在的种种问题,而且还可以通过对军礼的探讨窥见其背后所反映的思想信仰与历史变迁。第一章讨论战争前的军礼。通过对告祖、宜社、类祭这三种仪式起源的考证、仪节的复原及其在后世的演变的考察,认为告祖起源于商代,载迁庙主而行是后起之事；先秦宜祭的对象与职能的演变反映了社神职能的扩大；类祭对象由上帝到天的转变,反映了先秦到汉以后信仰体系的变化。授斧钺的出现是春秋以后君权加强的体现。在庙中举行的授兵礼只是象征仪式,治兵是在正式开战前举行的训练,根本不存在以祭兵为内容的祠兵礼。yC祭源于殷商时期的(?)祭,之后由战后祭获演变为战前祷获,并分化为两部分,后世yC祭又与祭旗之礼结合起来,出现了yC牙之礼。第二章讨论战争中的军礼。源于西周的观兵,其形式是通过布列阵势显示实力以威慑敌人,战国时观兵也被称为为伐交。商代出现的吹律听声是出征时根据士卒将吏的呼声与律音的相应情况,来判断战争吉凶的一种军事预测术,源于先民的农业实践,并不玄虚神秘。致师是通过规定的行为向敌军表现己方的豪勇,而使对方与自己进行公平较量,是西周礼乐文明与尚武精神融合的产物,并体现着当时的行为方式。军容是对军人仪态的要求,对君王来说,军容则是引导士兵的手段。守城时最重祈佑于神灵,其中又特别重视社神,将战之时,要将巫祝等神职人员进行集中,是君权控制神权的体现。春秋时期战争中的不灭国等军礼原则,反映了对祖先社稷神灵力量的敬畏,交战诸侯国对周代礼制的认同,以及基于在日常训练中所发展起来的“对等意识”。第三章讨论战争后的军礼。商代出现的振旅就是整顿军队、振奋士气的意思,在战前战后皆可举行。西周初年出现的饮至是天子诸侯亲征归国后在祖庙中举行的饮酒仪式,其功能在于褒奖功臣,和睦宗族。策勋是紧接着饮至而举行的礼节,它是将有功之臣的功劳记录下来,对于生者君王要将其姓名及功绩书于旗帜之上,对于死者则要在年末大祭中对其进行祭祀。数军实是在战争之后对本方的军事力量而不是战争中的俘获进行清点。如果军队出征失败回国,也要举行仪式,其种种仪节都与宗族和祖先崇拜有关。第四章探讨军旗。认为军旗不仅在战争中具有实战作用,并且在古人心目中具有沟通神灵、保佑平安、提高胜率甚至杀伤敌人等特殊功能。这些特殊功能很多是由军旗的图案所表现出来的,而军旗的图案会随时代发生改变,从而反映出不同的时代特色。旌是一种以羽或旄作旗幅的旗帜,而旆在先秦有两种：一种附于旗幅,是战争开始的标志；一种是指旌的旗幅,在古书中也常用来指代战车与前军。认清旌旆有利于解决传统经学中的“九旗”问题。第五章是对与军礼相关的一些问题进行辨析。通过对射礼以及其中祭侯仪节的讨论,解决了争论已久的泽宫射宫、射礼与射牲、主皮之射与贯革之射、射礼的军礼性质等四个问题。并在考证祭侯之人、侯之形制、祭侯仪节,以及祭侯与不宁侯等问题的基础上,对传统治经学的方法问题提出了看法。(?)礼中(?)鼓最早出现,到战国时期才出现(?)主与(?)军器,(?)礼与血祭有着明显的区别,将(?)礼与血祭混淆是汉儒造成的。(?)祭包括祭祀路神与祭后登车犯(?)两部分,在隋唐被归为军礼,其出现与中国古代的自然环境及由此而出现的封闭心态有关。先秦傩礼并不具有军事性质,今之学者将先秦傩礼归为军礼的理由不能成立。结语部分对五章的要点进行了归纳,并概述了先秦军礼的盛衰及其原因。
[Abstract]:The so-called pre-Qin military rites in this paper refer to a series of ceremonies held from the Shang Dynasty to the Warring States Period, before, during and after the war, as well as flags closely related to the war and ceremonies related to the military. In the "Five Rites", the study of military rites is relatively weak. Based on this, this paper, drawing on previous research results, discusses the pre-Qin military rites and related issues.
The introduction defines the connotation of military etiquette and expounds the significance and value of the study of military etiquette. Through reviewing the academic history, this paper illustrates the shortcomings of the study of military etiquette in pre-Qin Dynasty. A glimpse of the belief and historical changes reflected in it.
The first chapter discusses the military rites before the war.Through the textual research on the origin of the three rites,the restoration of the ritual Festival and the evolution of the ritual festival in the later generations,it is believed that the ancestors of the accused originated in the Shang Dynasty,and the carrying and moving of the temple owners is the next thing.The evolution of the objects and functions of the suitability festival in the Pre-Qin Dynasty reflects the expansion of the functions of the social gods. The change from emperor to heaven reflects the change of belief system after Qin Dynasty to Han Dynasty. From postwar sacrifice to prewar prayer, and divided into two parts, the later yC sacrifice and flag sacrifice combined, the emergence of yC teeth ceremony.
The second chapter discusses the military etiquette in warfare, which originated in the Western Zhou Dynasty, in the form of observing troops to deter the enemy by displaying their power in array, and in the Warring States Period, which was also called the feudal intercourse. The practice of the people's agriculture is not mysterious. To send divisions is to show the enemy's bravery through prescribed actions, and to make the enemy fight fairly with himself. It is the result of the fusion of the Western Zhou ritual and music civilization and the spirit of martial worship, and embodies the behavior of the time. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the principles of military etiquette such as indestructibility in the war reflected the reverence for the power of ancestral gods, the recognition of warring lords to the ritual system of the Zhou Dynasty, and the foundation. The "equivalence consciousness" developed in daily training.
In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, the drinking ceremony was held in the ancestral temple after the princes of heaven returned from their own expedition. Its function was to praise and reward the meritorious subjects and to keep the clan together. It records the merits of a successful minister. For the living king, his name and merits should be written on the flag. For the dead, sacrifices should be made at the end of the year. Its various ceremonies are related to clan and ancestor worship.
The fourth chapter discusses the flag. It is believed that the flag not only played a practical role in the war, but also had some special functions in the minds of the ancients, such as communicating with gods, protecting peace, improving the victory rate and even killing the enemy. In the pre-Qin Dynasty, there were two kinds of banners: one was attached to the banner, which was the symbol of the beginning of the war; the other was the banner, which was often used to refer to chariots and former armies in ancient books.
The fifth chapter is to analyze some problems related to military rites.Through discussing the rites of shooting and the festival of worshiping the marquis,the author has solved four problems which have been controversial for a long time,such as the palace of Zegong shooting,the rites of shooting and the cattle of shooting,the shooting of the main skin and the perforating of leather,and the nature of military rites of shooting. On the basis of Hou et al, this paper puts forward some opinions on the methods of traditional Confucian classics. The emergence of military rites is related to the natural environment of ancient China and the closed mentality arising therefrom. The pre-Qin Nuo rites are not of military nature, and the reason why scholars nowadays classify them as military rites can not be established.
The epilogue summarizes the main points of the five chapter, and summarizes the ups and downs of military etiquette in the pre Qin period and its reasons.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：E292;K225

【参考文献】