秦汉奴婢法律地位及其比较研究

发布时间：2018-10-16 09:32

【摘要】： 本文主要采用比较方法,研究了秦汉奴婢的法律地位问题,共有五章。第一章讨论了奴婢的定义和类别问题。我们主要运用社会学理论及阶级分析方法对奴婢进行定义和界定,并讨论了奴婢与奴隶的区别和联系。此外,第一章也系统论述了秦汉奴婢的类别、名称等问题。其中,重点讨论了学术界分歧较多的“隶臣妾”问题、私属问题。第二章以秦汉奴婢的来源问题为中心,论述秦汉奴婢制度的演变历史。本章将用两种比较方法论述秦汉奴婢的来源问题:既与先秦奴隶进行纵向比较,又与罗马奴隶进行横向比较。从比较结果可见,虽然他们的来源途径大抵相同,但来源的重点却根据不同社会情况、不同时期而迥异。同时,两种比较更清楚地说明了秦汉奴婢制度的特征及其演变历史。第三章是文章的主体部分,主要讨论秦汉奴婢的法律地位问题。首先我们讨论了学术界尚存争议的奴婢户籍问题。由于奴婢的户籍问题事关奴婢是否是完整的权利主体,是否具有完全的刑事责任能力,因此,户籍问题与法律地位联系紧密。对于秦汉奴婢的法律地位研究,我们主要采取比较法,从两个方面展开讨论:一是对其权利的讨论。我们将同时期的罗马奴隶作为比较对象,主要讨论了秦汉奴婢的生存权、财产权、婚姻权、政治权、诉讼权等权利;二是其犯罪的讨论。我们将以秦汉社会其他阶层群体的犯罪为参照,考察秦汉奴婢作为犯罪主体的杀人罪、盗窃罪、奸罪、逃亡罪等犯罪类型。从比较看来,秦汉奴婢比罗马奴隶有更多的权利,而秦汉法律对奴婢犯罪的惩罚与对庶人犯罪的惩罚差别不大。第四章将对秦汉奴婢的法律地位加以定位,并概括其特点及形成原因。奴婢的法律地位状况,在很大程度上与秦汉时期的经济情况、政治制度、思想体系、社会文化等方面的影响密切相关。经济上较为放任自由的状态、政治制度上实行中央集权,秦汉时期的二十等爵制及汉初统治集团的平民化,都在一定程度上促成了秦汉奴婢较高的法律地位。在思想方面,法家思想一直占主导地位,它所倡导的法治、平等思想无疑对秦汉奴婢法律地位的提高有利;而处于“附系”地位的儒家思想,他们所强调的“仁”、尊重生命等思想,也在很大程度上促进了秦汉国家和政府对生命权的重视和保护。此外,秦汉社会较强的社会流动性及较为开放的社会风俗,为秦汉奴婢的身份提升创造了有利条件。第五章将以罗马奴隶的释免为比较对象,讨论秦汉奴婢的放免问题。虽然两者的放免方式大抵相同,但从放免制度的性质而言,罗马的奴隶释免制度是奴隶制度高度发展的反映,而秦汉奴婢的放免却体现了奴婢法律地位的提高。
[Abstract]:This paper studies the legal status of slaves in Qin and Han dynasties by means of comparative method, which consists of five chapters. The first chapter discusses the definition and classification of slaves. We mainly use sociological theory and class analysis method to define and define slaves, and discuss the difference and relation between slaves and slaves. In addition, the first chapter also systematically discusses the Qin and Han slaves category, name and other issues. Among them, the author focuses on the subject of "concubinage" and private affiliation, which are different from each other in academic circles. The second chapter focuses on the origin of slaves in Qin and Han dynasties, and discusses the evolution history of slave maidservant system in Qin and Han dynasties. This chapter discusses the origin of slaves in Qin and Han dynasties by two methods: vertical comparison with pre-Qin slaves and horizontal comparison with Roman slaves. It can be seen from the comparison that although their sources are mostly the same, the emphasis of the sources varies greatly according to different social conditions and different periods. At the same time, the two more clearly explain the characteristics and evolution of the slavery system in Qin and Han dynasties. The third chapter is the main part of the article, mainly discusses the legal status of slaves in Qin and Han dynasties. First of all, we discuss the issue of household registration of slaves and maidservants in academic circles. As the issue of the household registration of slaves is related to whether the slaves are the complete subject of rights and whether they have the full capacity of criminal responsibility, therefore, the issue of household registration is closely related to the legal status. For the study of the legal status of slaves in Qin and Han dynasties, we mainly adopt comparative law and discuss it from two aspects: one is the discussion of their rights. We take the Roman slaves of the same period as the objects of comparison, and mainly discuss the rights of existence, property, marriage, politics and litigation of slaves in the Qin and Han dynasties, and the second is the discussion of their crimes. Based on the crime of other social strata in Qin and Han dynasties, we will investigate the crime types of murder, theft, rape and escape of slaves and maidservants of Qin and Han dynasties. Compared with Roman slaves, slaves in the Qin and Han dynasties had more rights, but the punishment for crimes committed by slaves in the laws of the Qin and Han dynasties was not different from the punishment for crimes committed by the common people. The fourth chapter defines the legal status of slaves in Qin and Han dynasties, and generalizes its characteristics and causes. To a large extent, the legal status of slaves is closely related to the economic situation, political system, ideological system, social culture and other aspects of the Qin and Han dynasties. The relatively laissez-faire state of economy, the centralization of power in the political system, the 20th rank system in the Qin and Han dynasties and the populism of the ruling group in the early Han Dynasty all contributed to the higher legal status of slaves in the Qin and Han dynasties to a certain extent. In the ideological aspect, the Legalist thought has always been dominant, it advocates the rule of law, the equal thought is undoubtedly beneficial to the improvement of the legal status of slaves and maidservants in the Qin and Han dynasties, while the Confucian thought, which is in the position of "attachment", emphasizes the "benevolence". The thought of respecting life also greatly promoted the state and government of Qin and Han dynasties to attach importance to and protect the right to life. In addition, the strong social mobility and open social customs in Qin and Han dynasties created favorable conditions for the upgrading of the status of slaves in Qin and Han dynasties. The fifth chapter discusses the issue of the release of slaves in Qin and Han dynasties by comparing the interpretation and exemption of Roman slaves. Although the two methods of release and exemption are probably the same, in terms of the nature of the system of release and exemption, the Roman system of release and exemption of slaves is a reflection of the high development of slavery, while the release of slaves of the Qin and Han dynasties reflects the improvement of the legal status of slaves.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D929;K232

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