南宋士人与地方公益事业之研究

发布时间：2019-05-06 16:13

【摘要】：唐代开始,江南士族开始“中央化”的进程,逐渐离开本土,并且经过唐末五代的战乱,最终退出历史舞台。安史之乱到五代之间,北方士人大量南迁。到唐末,南方经济明显盛于北方,而文化上,则呈现出相对平衡,南方稍具优势的形势。南迁士人对南方文化的变迁有重要影响。在唐末战乱的情势下,江南地方势力开始崛起。科举制带来社会阶层一定程度上的流动,并且在唐代中期开始形成以科举为业的阶层,并且这个阶层也覆盖到江南地区。北宋发展科举制,并且在地方推广官学教育,致使社会知识群体继续膨胀。靖康之难后,北人再次大量南迁,这就增加了南方的士人群体。北方士人迁入南方后,经历了本土化的过程,加上科举制继续发展,从而增加了南宋士人群体的数量。这源于南宋地方公私教育的普及,以及印刷出版技术的发达。南宋士人的身份的自我认同比较一致,士人的形成方式开始趋同,并且该阶层还出现了基本的分层。作为南宋社会的一个重要阶层,因士人自身社会地位的优势,富民对士人地位的追捧,以及地方官员对士人的礼遇和互动,在这些基础之上,士人进而在参与公益事业过程中通过与政府官员和富民等阶层发生互动,从而获得一定的“文化权力”。士人“文化权力”所控制的范围从家庭到宗族,再超越宗族到邻里,然后进入乡里的“公共领域”。而地方官员首先所面对的是这一“公共领域”。在“公共领域”内士人与官员发生互动。士人参与的公益事业领域众多,如经济救助活动,包括社仓、赈济、义役;公共工程修建,如桥梁修建、水利工程;文化设施如官学修建、祠庙修建等活动。士人都积极参与其中。参与的方式基本分两种,一种是资金参与,另一种是劝募舆论参与。南宋大部分公益事业依然是地方官员为主导,士人仅是参与力量,并未达到控制地方事务的程度。由于士人社会地位的影响,富民一般也会紧随士人之后而参与公益事业。在佛教徒参与的公益事业中,士人也经常参与其中。从长时段来看,唐代以降至明清长江流域及以南地区参与公益事业的地方势力除了宗教势力外发生一些明显的变化。唐后期主要是庶民地主,南宋是士人和富民,明清是士绅和富民。北宋与元代各是过渡期。南宋士人也奠定了八百年政府之外知识群体(士人与士绅)参与地方公益事业的实施模式。但公益事业实施情况具有明显的不确定性,很少有制度化的设计。所以从南宋到明清,随着地方财政所决定的政府行政能力的强弱,演绎出公益事业领域内古代版的“国进民退”与“国退民进”之交替。
[Abstract]:At the beginning of Tang Dynasty, the scholars of Jiangnan began the process of "centralization", gradually left the native land, and finally withdrew from the historical stage after the war in the late Tang Dynasty and the five dynasties. Anshi chaos to the five dynasties, a large number of northerners moved to the south. By the end of Tang Dynasty, the economy of the South was obviously prosperous in the North, while the culture showed a relative balance, and the South had a slightly superior situation. The Nanqian people have an important influence on the change of the southern culture. In the late Tang Dynasty, the situation of war, Jiangnan local forces began to rise. The imperial examination system brought a certain degree of social mobility, and in the middle of the Tang Dynasty began to form the imperial examination as the industry class, and this class also covers the Jiangnan region. The development of imperial examination system in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the promotion of official education in local areas, caused the social knowledge group to continue to expand. After Jingkang's troubles, the northerners moved to the south again, which increased the southern group of scholars. After the northern scholars moved to the south, they went through the process of localization, and the imperial examination system continued to develop, thus increasing the number of scholar groups in the Southern Song Dynasty. This originated from the popularity of public and private education in the Southern Song Dynasty and the development of printing and publishing technology. The self-identity of the scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty was relatively consistent, and the formation of the scholar began to converge, and the stratum also appeared the basic stratification. As an important social stratum in the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the superiority of the scholar's own social status, the pursuit of the scholar's status by the rich people, and the courtesy and interaction of the local officials to the scholar, on the basis of these, In the process of participating in public welfare, scholars can get certain "cultural power" by interacting with government officials and rich people. The scholar's "cultural power" controls a range from family to clan, beyond clan to neighborhood, and then into the "public domain" in the countryside. The first thing local officials face is this "public domain". Insiders interact with officials in the "public domain". Scholars participate in many areas of public welfare, such as economic relief activities, including social warehouse, relief, volunteer service; public works construction, such as bridge construction, water conservancy projects; cultural facilities such as official construction, temple construction and other activities. The scholars took an active part in it. There are two basic ways of participation, one is to participate in funds, the other is to persuade public opinion to participate. Most of the public welfare in the Southern Song Dynasty is still dominated by local officials, and the scholars only participate in the forces, not to the extent of controlling local affairs. As a result of the influence of the social status of the scholars, the rich people will also follow the scholars to participate in the public welfare. In the commonweal cause in which Buddhists participate, the scholar is also often involved in it. From a long-term point of view, the local forces involved in public welfare in the Tang Dynasty fell to the Yangtze River valley and south of the Ming and Qing dynasties, except for the religious forces, which took place some obvious changes. The late Tang Dynasty was mainly the landowner, the Southern Song Dynasty was the scholar and rich people, the Ming and Qing dynasties were gentry and rich people. The Northern Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty are transitional periods. The scholars of the Southern Song Dynasty also established an implementation model for the participation of knowledge groups (scholars and gentry) outside the government in local public welfare undertakings for 800 years. However, the implementation of public welfare has obvious uncertainty, rarely institutionalized design. So from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the strength of the administrative ability of the local government decided by the local finance, it deduces the alternation of the ancient edition of "the state advancing the people" and "the state retreating the people" in the field of public welfare.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K245

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