北宋徽宗、钦宗时期的台谏
发布时间：2019-05-15 00:23
【摘要】： 北宋的台谏制度在继承前代的基础上不断发展与完善,在当时的政治运作中起到举足轻重的作用。徽宗、钦宗时期,沿袭神宗元丰改制后的台谏制度,并有所发展,台谏在监察宰执、规谏皇帝、参与朝政等方面仍然起到非常重要的作用。但是随着政治环境发生变化,徽宗后期至钦宗时期,金兵入侵,政局动荡,政治日趋腐败,皇权和相权彼此消长,使得台谏制度受到影响,它的设置、职能等也发生相应变化,而且不断地受到破坏。 本文分四个部分: 第一部分,首先总体叙述台谏的源流。北宋的台谏制度承袭唐朝,并出现了一些变化。北宋前期,彻史台沿袭唐朝的台、殿、察三院制度。宋初还承袭了唐朝御史和谏官各为一体的制度,御史弹劾百官,谏官主谏诤。到宋真宗天禧年间后,御史和谏官制度逐渐合一,谏官职能由谏诤皇帝扩大到弹劾宰执百官,御史也具有谏诤的职能。其次阐明北宋前期和中期政治环境下的台谏制度,介绍神宗元丰改制前后的台谏特点,宋神宗元丰改制后,侍御史成为御史台副长官,其所在的台院名存职废,御史台三院出现了合并的趋势。从而使台谏官的职能范围也更为广阔。并且元丰改制后的台谏制度很多沿用到徽宗、钦宗时期。 第二部分,简要介绍北宋后期的政治环境,然后分别阐述徽宗、钦宗时期的台谏,在继承的前提下也具有特定时期的特点,分别从台谏的结构设置、选任和升迁、原则、法规、职能诸方面进行论述。徽宗即位初期的政局较为稳定,因此这一时期的台谏制度除了沿袭旧有制度外,在设置方面等还发生了一些变化。后期面临金兵入侵,政局动荡,随着政局的变换,台谏的职能发生变化,台谏官论奏的主要对象也与前代有所不同。钦宗即位后,试图匡补时弊,恢复台谏的旧观,一时涌现出一批敢言的台谏官。但不久钦宗就表现出消极退让的态度,往往对台谏官的论奏置之不理。 第三部分叙述在专制体制下的皇权和相权试图摆脱台谏监督而对台谏造成破坏。徽、钦二宗往往采取贬逐台谏官、作御笔手诏等手段破坏台谏,或者对台谏官的论奏不予接纳,或者破坏台谏的既定制度和原则。蔡京等权臣也纷纷采取控制台谏的任命权、利用台谏打击异己、假借御笔的手段破坏台谏制度。 第四部分,对全文进行总结,指出专制制度环境及政治环境变化对台谏产生的影响。在徽宗、钦宗时期政治环境恶化的情况下,台谏制度虽然一度发挥其功效,但是由于君主拥有最高的行政权、立法权,台谏制度的制定和运作都要受其影响,当君主试图将权力用于摆脱或对抗台谏的监察时,台谏职能的破坏和压制就在所难免,最终由于专制主义制度下皇权的破坏使得台谏丧失其职能。在专制主义中央集权的人治环境及北宋末年政治腐败,政局动荡的特定环境下,台谏制度即使得到发展,但仍免不了受到破坏。
[Abstract]:The Taiwan remonstrance system in the Northern Song Dynasty continued to develop and perfect on the basis of inheriting the previous generation, and played an important role in the political operation at that time. During the period of Huizong and Qinzong, it followed the system of Taiwan remonstrance after the reform of Shenzong Yuanfeng, and developed. Taiwan remonstrance still played a very important role in supervising the ruler, remonstrating the emperor, participating in the government and so on. However, with the change of the political environment, from the late Huizong period to the Qinzong period, the invasion of Jin Bing, the political instability, the increasing corruption of politics, the growth and decline of imperial power and prime power each other affected the Taiwan remonstrance system, and its establishment and functions also changed accordingly. And constantly being damaged. This article is divided into four parts: the first part, first of all, the overall description of the origin of Taiwan remonstrance. The system of Taiwan remonstrance in the Northern Song Dynasty inherited from the Tang Dynasty, and some changes occurred. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Cheshitai followed the Tang Dynasty's system of Taiwan, Temple and Inspection of the three Hospitals. The early Song Dynasty also inherited the Tang Dynasty imperial history and remonstrated officials as one of the systems, imperial history impeached 100 officials, remonstrated officials to remonstrate. After the Tianxi period of Song Zhenzong, the imperial history and the system of remonstrating officials were gradually integrated, and the function of remonstrating officials was expanded from remonstrating emperors to impeaching and impeaching a hundred officials, and imperial history also had the function of remonstrating. Secondly, it expounds the Taiwan remonstrance system under the political environment in the early and middle period of the Northern Song Dynasty, and introduces the characteristics of the Taiwan remonstrance before and after the reform of Shenzong Yuanfeng. After the reform of the Song Shenzong Yuanfeng system, the imperial history became the deputy director of the Imperial History platform. There is a trend of merger in the third Academy of Imperial History and Taiwan. As a result, the functional scope of Taiwan remonstrance officials is also broader. And Yuan Feng after the reform of the Taiwan remonstrance system many used to Huizong, Qinzong period. The second part briefly introduces the political environment in the late Northern Song Dynasty, and then expounds the Taiwan remonstrance in Huizong and Qinzong periods, which also has the characteristics of a specific period under the premise of inheritance, respectively, from the structure of Taiwan remonstrance, selection and promotion, principles, laws and regulations. The functions are discussed in various aspects. The political situation in the early days of Huizong ascended the throne was relatively stable, so the remonstrance system in this period not only followed the old system, but also changed in the aspect of setting up. In the later period, facing the invasion of Jin Bing and political instability, with the change of political situation, the function of Taiwan remonstrance changed, and the main object of Taiwan remonstrance official argumentation was also different from that of the previous generation. After Qin Zong ascended the throne, he tried to make up for the disadvantages of the times and restore the old view of Taiwan remonstrance. However, Qin Zong soon showed a negative attitude of concession, often ignoring the argument of Taiwan remonstrance officials. The third part describes the imperial power and the power under the autocratic system try to get rid of the supervision of Taiwan remonstrance and cause damage to Taiwan remonstrance. Hui and Qin often destroy Taiwan remonstrance by devaluing Taiwan remonstrance officials and making imperial hand orders, or reject the argumentation of Taiwan remonstrance officials, or destroy the established system and principles of Taiwan remonstrance. Cai Jing and other officials have also adopted the right to control the appointment of Taiwan remonstrance, using Taiwan remonstrance to crack down on dissent, and using imperial pen to destroy the Taiwan remonstrance system. The fourth part summarizes the full text and points out the influence of autocratic system environment and political environment on Taiwan remonstrance. In the case of the deterioration of the political environment in Huizong and Qinzong periods, although the Taiwan remonstrance system once played its role, because the monarch has the highest executive power, legislative power, the formulation and operation of the Taiwan remonstrance system will be affected by it. When the monarch tries to use power to get rid of or antagonize the supervision of Taiwan remonstrance, the destruction and suppression of the function of Taiwan remonstrance is inevitable. Finally, due to the destruction of imperial power under the autocratic system, Taiwan remonstrance loses its function. Under the environment of autocratic centralization of man and the political corruption and political instability in the late Northern Song Dynasty, even if the system of Taiwan remonstrance was developed, it was still inevitably destroyed.
【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K244
本文编号：2477164
[Abstract]:The Taiwan remonstrance system in the Northern Song Dynasty continued to develop and perfect on the basis of inheriting the previous generation, and played an important role in the political operation at that time. During the period of Huizong and Qinzong, it followed the system of Taiwan remonstrance after the reform of Shenzong Yuanfeng, and developed. Taiwan remonstrance still played a very important role in supervising the ruler, remonstrating the emperor, participating in the government and so on. However, with the change of the political environment, from the late Huizong period to the Qinzong period, the invasion of Jin Bing, the political instability, the increasing corruption of politics, the growth and decline of imperial power and prime power each other affected the Taiwan remonstrance system, and its establishment and functions also changed accordingly. And constantly being damaged. This article is divided into four parts: the first part, first of all, the overall description of the origin of Taiwan remonstrance. The system of Taiwan remonstrance in the Northern Song Dynasty inherited from the Tang Dynasty, and some changes occurred. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Cheshitai followed the Tang Dynasty's system of Taiwan, Temple and Inspection of the three Hospitals. The early Song Dynasty also inherited the Tang Dynasty imperial history and remonstrated officials as one of the systems, imperial history impeached 100 officials, remonstrated officials to remonstrate. After the Tianxi period of Song Zhenzong, the imperial history and the system of remonstrating officials were gradually integrated, and the function of remonstrating officials was expanded from remonstrating emperors to impeaching and impeaching a hundred officials, and imperial history also had the function of remonstrating. Secondly, it expounds the Taiwan remonstrance system under the political environment in the early and middle period of the Northern Song Dynasty, and introduces the characteristics of the Taiwan remonstrance before and after the reform of Shenzong Yuanfeng. After the reform of the Song Shenzong Yuanfeng system, the imperial history became the deputy director of the Imperial History platform. There is a trend of merger in the third Academy of Imperial History and Taiwan. As a result, the functional scope of Taiwan remonstrance officials is also broader. And Yuan Feng after the reform of the Taiwan remonstrance system many used to Huizong, Qinzong period. The second part briefly introduces the political environment in the late Northern Song Dynasty, and then expounds the Taiwan remonstrance in Huizong and Qinzong periods, which also has the characteristics of a specific period under the premise of inheritance, respectively, from the structure of Taiwan remonstrance, selection and promotion, principles, laws and regulations. The functions are discussed in various aspects. The political situation in the early days of Huizong ascended the throne was relatively stable, so the remonstrance system in this period not only followed the old system, but also changed in the aspect of setting up. In the later period, facing the invasion of Jin Bing and political instability, with the change of political situation, the function of Taiwan remonstrance changed, and the main object of Taiwan remonstrance official argumentation was also different from that of the previous generation. After Qin Zong ascended the throne, he tried to make up for the disadvantages of the times and restore the old view of Taiwan remonstrance. However, Qin Zong soon showed a negative attitude of concession, often ignoring the argument of Taiwan remonstrance officials. The third part describes the imperial power and the power under the autocratic system try to get rid of the supervision of Taiwan remonstrance and cause damage to Taiwan remonstrance. Hui and Qin often destroy Taiwan remonstrance by devaluing Taiwan remonstrance officials and making imperial hand orders, or reject the argumentation of Taiwan remonstrance officials, or destroy the established system and principles of Taiwan remonstrance. Cai Jing and other officials have also adopted the right to control the appointment of Taiwan remonstrance, using Taiwan remonstrance to crack down on dissent, and using imperial pen to destroy the Taiwan remonstrance system. The fourth part summarizes the full text and points out the influence of autocratic system environment and political environment on Taiwan remonstrance. In the case of the deterioration of the political environment in Huizong and Qinzong periods, although the Taiwan remonstrance system once played its role, because the monarch has the highest executive power, legislative power, the formulation and operation of the Taiwan remonstrance system will be affected by it. When the monarch tries to use power to get rid of or antagonize the supervision of Taiwan remonstrance, the destruction and suppression of the function of Taiwan remonstrance is inevitable. Finally, due to the destruction of imperial power under the autocratic system, Taiwan remonstrance loses its function. Under the environment of autocratic centralization of man and the political corruption and political instability in the late Northern Song Dynasty, even if the system of Taiwan remonstrance was developed, it was still inevitably destroyed.
【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K244
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前2条
1 杨倩丽;汪藻与《靖康要录》研究[D];西南民族大学;2011年
2 李洪霞;邹浩研究[D];河北大学;2010年
，本文编号：2477164
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