宋代城池建设研究

发布时间：2019-05-20 07:12

【摘要】： 城墙是城市的外围结构,是城市的主要防御体系,是城池建设的中心。有宋一代的城池修筑政策,受内政、外交、经济等多方面因素的影响而处于变动调整之中。宋初,惩五代割据之弊,实行局部毁城、京师修城的“强干弱枝”政策,以太宗时期为最。随着宋与辽、夏关系的紧张,边地修城成为北宋城墙管理政策的主流。南宋时进一步加大了城墙修筑的力度,但对地方中小城市则坚持实际不修城墙的政策。宋代在对修城利弊的争论中,支持者或认为应以城墙对抗骑兵,或认为应加强地方治安防范；反对方则认为“在德不在险”,修城会授敌以口实、加重民众负担、导致兵力分散。城池规划图是修筑城墙的依据,是中央有关部门检查城墙修筑质量以及修筑费用的最重要凭据,是中央了解地方城池规划的重要信息来源。宋代城池修筑牵涉的部门很多,中央机构包括枢密院、户部、工部、兵部等部门,但主要职能部门是工部。地方所有行政机构则几乎都牵涉地方城墙的建设。城墙修筑质量直接关系到城墙的生命年限与防御功能,宋代政府非常重视城墙修筑过程中的质量检查环节。城墙面临着自然灾害和战火两方面的威胁,而热兵器对城墙的破坏程度陡然大增。宋代筑城的资金、劳力和物料采取多种措施进行筹集。就城池修筑所使用的资金和物料而言,中央政府有时候用直接拨付物料和资金的方式,有时候则采用发放度牒和出卖官爵的方式；而地方政府或节省其他费用,或趁丰年向所辖区域民众摊派修城费用。宋政府加强了修筑城池明细帐目的审核。宋代专设了修护城墙的壮城兵。人力不足时,还派遣厢军或其它禁军修筑和维修城池,但招募或征调民力修筑城池,在宋代也很常见。宋代城墙依据建筑材料的不同可分为土城、砖城、石城、竹城等,其物质结构主要由墙身、城门、城楼、敌台(又称马面、行城)、敌楼、雉堞(又称女墙、垛口、俾倪),藏兵洞、羊马墙、瓮城、月城、团楼(又称敌团)、战棚、吊桥、万人敌、登城马道、排水沟、护门墙等部分组成,从而形成完整的防御设施。宋代在城墙本体的修筑上,对高度、厚度和坡度三个主要技术数据设计更为实际而科学。宋代守城的战术理论发展显著,《守城录》是中国历史上第一部守城战专著。宋代在守城战中发明、应用了多种守城的兵器和器械。宋代在德安、顺昌、钓鱼城、襄樊等城池守护战中取得多次胜利。城池的建设与守卫是南宋政府存亡的关键。但宋代的政治腐败极大影响了宋代城墙建设的实战效果。宋代城池的功能较之前代也有明显的变化,其治安防范功能和观赏性功能则日益凸显。
[Abstract]:The city wall is the outer structure of the city, the main defense system of the city, and the center of the city construction. The policy of city construction in Song Dynasty was adjusted under the influence of internal affairs, diplomacy, economy and so on. In the early Song Dynasty, the disadvantages of the five generations of secession were punished and the local destruction of the city was carried out. The policy of "strong, dry and weak branches" was the most in the Taizong period. With the tension of the relationship between Song, Liao and Xia, frontier city building became the mainstream of city wall management policy in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the construction of the wall was further strengthened, but the policy of not building the wall was adhered to in the local small and medium-sized cities. In the debate on the advantages and disadvantages of Xiocheng in Song Dynasty, supporters either thought that the city wall should be used against cavalry, or that local public security prevention should be strengthened. The opposition believes that "in Germany is not in danger," to build a city will give the enemy a real mouth, increase the burden on the people, resulting in scattered troops. The urban planning map is the basis for the construction of the city wall, the most important evidence for the relevant departments of the central government to check the quality and cost of the construction of the city wall, and the important information source for the central government to understand the local city planning. In Song Dynasty, there were many departments involved in the construction of cities. The central organs included the Privy Council, the Household Department, the Engineering Department, the military Department and so on, but the main functional departments were the Engineering Department. Almost all local administrations are involved in the construction of local walls. The quality of wall construction is directly related to the life and defense function of the wall. The Song Dynasty government attached great importance to the quality inspection link in the process of wall construction. The city wall is facing the threat of natural disasters and war, and the damage degree of hot weapons to the wall has increased dramatically. Song Dynasty to build the capital, labor and materials to take a variety of measures to raise. As far as the funds and materials used in the construction of the city are concerned, the central government sometimes allocates the materials and funds directly, sometimes by issuing ultimatums and selling out the official viscount; Local governments, on the other hand, either save other expenses or share the cost of city repair among the people under their jurisdiction in bumper years. The Song government stepped up the audit of detailed accounts for the construction of the city. The Song Dynasty specially set up strong city soldiers to repair the city wall. When the manpower was insufficient, the van army or other forbidden troops were sent to build and repair the city, but it was also common in the Song Dynasty to recruit or recruit the people to build the city. According to the different building materials, the wall of Song Dynasty can be divided into Tucheng, Brick City, Stone City, Bamboo City and so on. Its material structure is mainly composed of wall body, city gate, city building, enemy platform (also known as horse face, walking city), enemy building, pheasant crenellations (also known as female wall, Paokou, Balni). Tibetan soldier cave, sheep and horse wall, urn city, moon city, regiment building (also known as enemy regiment), war shed, hanging bridge, ten thousand enemy, climbing horse road, drainage ditch, door guard wall and so on, thus forming a complete defense facility. In Song Dynasty, the design of three main technical data, height, thickness and slope, was more practical and scientific in the construction of wall ontology. The tactical theory of city-keeping in Song Dynasty has developed significantly. Shou Cheng Lu is the first monograph on city-keeping war in Chinese history. The Song Dynasty was invented in the battle of defending the city and applied a variety of weapons and instruments to guard the city. Song Dynasty in de'an, Shunchang, Diaoyu City, Xiangfan and other cities to win many victories. The construction and guard of the city is the key to the survival of the government in the Southern Song Dynasty. However, the political corruption in Song Dynasty greatly affected the actual combat effect of wall construction in Song Dynasty. Compared with the previous generation, the function of city in Song Dynasty also changed obviously, and its function of public security prevention and appreciation became more and more prominent.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K244

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