世界交往新潮与中国主动走向世界机遇的错失：1760—1840

发布时间：2019-06-09 13:03

【摘要】： 当今世界是一个开放的世界，各个民族国家都彼此联系，不断巩固和发展着相互间的交往，世界正逐渐朝整体化的方向发展。西方史学界自20世纪70年代以来就一直十分关注这一问题，诸多经典名著纷纷问世，如斯塔夫里阿诺斯的《全球通史》、《全球分裂》，巴勒克拉夫的《泰晤士世界历史地图集》，沃勒斯坦的《现代世界体系》以及克拉克主编的《新编剑桥近代史》等等。然而，如运用全球史观来考察近代的中国，特别是考察中国在近代由盛而衰的转化历程，却鲜有著述。笔者认为，尽管中国史方面的专家学者们从中国自身或由内而外地对此进行了研究和探讨，并已成果丰硕，倘若变换视角，从近代世界的整体来看中国，应该还会得到一些新的收获。在全球一体化趋势如火如荼的今天，回首200年前世界与中国的历史互动历程，对我们把握时代脉搏，紧跟世界潮流，有很好的借鉴作用。笔者的论文主要以1760—1840年的世界交往新潮作为支点，考察生产力和交往的双向互动中，中国社会主动走向世界的机遇以及在机遇面前做出的选择。1760—1840年间，史称“双元革命”的工业革命和欧美资产阶级世界革命，是生产力和世界交往双向互动的结果。它们实现了世界交往的新突破，改造了原有的资本主义世界体系，西方各国加快了走向中国的步伐。这既是资本主义世界体系向封建时代的超级大帝国的挑战，也给中国带来了主动参与世界交往的机遇。此时的中国面临着历史选择，在传统的“华夷秩序”交往圈内，如何加强尚处优势的影响力；在中西经济交往中，如何利用贸易顺差地位；在双方的政治交往中，如何与主动东米的西方使节进行对话；此外，随着西方对中国文化由热切渴望转向理性思考，世界交往表现出了中国文化客观、冷静的态度，一切都有利于中国主动地参与到世界交往之中。但清帝国的统治者固守传统交往理念原则，采取闭关政策逆行于世界交往潮流。历史选择的失误造成了中国在短短80年时间内迅速衰落，丧失了主动参与世界交往的最后机遇。与此同时，世界却加快了走向中国的步伐，直至完全取得同中国交往的主动权，导致中国封建时代的世界强国沦为资本主义世界体系的附庸。以上是笔者文章的主要论题及结论。在整个考察过程中，唯物业观中的“交往”理论一直作为理论分析的依据。是将“交往”理论引入历史研究实践之中的大胆尝试。关于世界交往与世界历史关系，吴于廑先生在《中国大百科全书·外国历史卷》的“世界历史”辞条中作了较为详尽的总体上的表述。国内史学界有关“世界交往”的论著不多，夏诚的《近代世界整体观》主要对近代世界交往体系作了简明的论述，陈雄章的《交往与世界历史变迁—18世纪世界历史横向发展透视》一书则在考察18世纪的世界交往的同时，把视角移向这了一时期的中国。这些著述都令笔者在理论修养和研究方法上受益匪浅。于是，笔者在考察近代中国社会历史时，敢于跳出传统的思维模式和视角，由世界的整体来窥探中国，从中透视近代中国骤然由盛而衰的原因。由于不论在中国史方面，还是在世界史方面都知之甚少，功力尚浅，其中的谬误、遗漏必定不少。只是出于抛砖引玉之心，还请各位方家不吝赐教。
[Abstract]:The world is an open world, and all ethnic groups are in contact with each other and constantly consolidate and develop their interaction with each other, and the world is gradually developing in the direction of integration. The western history of history has been very concerned about this problem since the 1970s, and many of the classic famous works have come out, such as the Global History of General History of Stavrianos, the Global division of the world, and the World History Atlas of the World History of the Republic of Quebec. Wallerstein's" Modern World System "and" New Cambridge Modern History ", edited by Clark, and so on. However, such as using the global view of history to study the modern China, especially to look at the transformation of China in modern times, it has few writings. The author holds that, in spite of the research and discussion of the scholars and scholars in the history of China from China itself or from the outside, it has made great achievements, and if the angle of transformation is changed from the whole to the whole of the modern world, some new gains should be obtained. Today, the trend of global integration, such as the fire of fire, will return to the history and interaction of the world and China in the first 200 years. It is a good reference for us to grasp the pulse of the times and follow the trend of the world. The author's thesis mainly takes the world communication trend of 1760 to 1840 as the fulcrum, and studies the two-way interaction of productivity and communication, the opportunity of the Chinese society to go to the world and the choice made in the face of the opportunity. In the period of 60 to 1840, the industrial revolution of the "two-yuan revolution" and the world revolution of the European and American bourgeoisie were the productive forces and the world As a result of the two-way interaction, they realized the new breakthrough of the world's communication, transformed the original capitalist world system, and the western countries It is not only the challenge of the capitalist world system to the super-large empires of the feudal times, but also to China The opportunity to participate in the world communication. At this time, China is faced with the historical choice, how to strengthen the influence of the superior advantage in the traditional "the order of Hua Yi" communication circle, how to make use of the status of the trade surplus in the economic exchanges between the two countries, and how to work with the west of the active Dongmi in the political exchanges between the two countries in addition, with that desire of the West to turn to the rational thinking of Chinese culture, the world's communication shows the objective and dispassionate attitude of Chinese culture, which is in favor of China's initiative In the world, the rulers of the Qing Empire, in keeping with the principle of the traditional concept of communication, take a close policy. The mistake of history choice has caused the rapid decline of China in just 80 years, and lost its active participation At the same time, the world has accelerated the pace of China, and the world power of China's feudal times was reduced to capital. The client of the system of the doctrine of the world. The above is the main thesis and conclusion of the author's article. The theory has always been the basis for theoretical analysis. The "k> theory is a bold attempt in the practice of historical research. With regard to the relationship between the world and the world, Mr. Wu is in the" World History " is a more detailed and general expression in the article. There are not much debate on the "world communication" in the history of the country, and the whole view of the whole world is the whole view of the modern world. > It mainly discusses the communication system of the modern world, and the relationship between Chen and the world and the change of the world's history in the 18th century are the perspective of the development of the world's history. At the same time, the angle of view is shifted to the Chinese of this period. The author has greatly benefited from the theoretical cultivation and the research method. So, the author has dared to jump out of the traditional mode of thinking and the angle of view in the study of the history of the modern Chinese society, and it is the whole of the world to snoop The reason for China's sudden decline in the history of China from the perspective of the history of China has been known in the history of China, or in the history of the world. Less, the power is still shallow, the fallacy, the omission must be not many. It's just
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2000
【分类号】：K249

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