清末新政与近代中国市民社会初步考察

发布时间：2018-02-05 05:10

本文关键词： 市民社会市民阶级租界清末新政　出处：《山东师范大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：庚子之变后,清政府为了继续其岌岌可危的统治,适应国难后社会各方面的需求,在经济、文化、政治等方面推行了新政措施。在经济上清政府逐渐树立了工商立国的观念,设立商部,颁布了一系列保商奖商的政策律例,并劝办商会;在文化领域内,清政府建立了较为完善的教育行政体系,废除科举制度,兴办新式学堂,并倡办留学教育;在政治领域内,清政府实行预备立宪,积极倡导地方自治运动;此外,清政府在新政时期还积极促进近代传媒业的发展。清政府在各个领域内推行的政策取得了明显的效果,在经济上资本主义工商业经济得到了很大的发展;在思想文化上广泛的传播了西方民主、自由的思想;通过政治上的地方自治运动扩大了人民的参政权利,培育了人们的参政意识;通过开放党禁,允许集会结社等政策,培育了人们的权利意识;此外,在阶级构成上彻底打破了传统的士农工商四民机构,社会上涌现出了一批包括工商业者、新式知识分子和青年学生等在内的近代市民团体,市民阶级逐渐形成并壮大,他们积极的与政府互动,组织了旨在维护本阶级利益的社会活动,市民社会逐渐发育并得到发展。即,清政府自上而下推行的新政,催生了近代中国的市民社会的全面发育。新政之前,中国的一些租界内零零散散的存在着西方式的市民社会。租界内市民社会的发育主要源于西方殖民者将本国的经济体制、政治体制以及文化体制强行移植到租界内,促使了租界内工商业经济、市民文化的不断发展,也促使着政治体制的不断完善,市民社会发育所需的经济、文化以及政治条件成熟,市民社会逐渐形成。清末新政之前,中国的租界内存在着市民社会,其他大部分地区还都是万马齐喑的局面。义和团运动后,清政府推行新政措施,促使了近代中国市民社会全面发育。市民社会产生后,展现了其巨大的能量,反过来促进了清末新政的进一步推行,促进资本主义的发展等等。然而,对于清末的市民社会,学术界未能对其产生的根源做一研究,也未能对其与清末新政的关联做一阐释。因此,本文从清末新政的各项措施入手,剖析近代中国市民社会产生的原因以及发展状况。论文可以分为三大部分共七章:第一部分(第一章)阐述了马克思主义的市民社会及市民阶级,是本文的理论依据。第二部分(第二章、第三章)阐述了清末新政之前的中国社会以及晚清租界内市民社会的发育情况,与清末新政时期社会各个层面的变化以及市民社会的发育相比较。第三部分(第四-七章)通过阐述清末新政的经济、文化及政治政策的颁布、推行以及市民团体的活动,肯定了清末新政时期存在着市民社会。通过以上七章的论述,本文肯定了清末新政直接促进了近代中国市民社会的产生,即清政府推行的经济政策、文化政策以及政治政策,引起了国家与社会关系的变革,国家对社会的控制力逐渐弱化,社会与国家逐步分离,市民社会逐渐形成,市民社会反过来又推动了新政的深入开展。论文肯定了近代中国的确存在着西方式的但又具有中国特色的市民社会,从新的角度拓展了对清末新政的研究,同时对于市民社会发育发展所需“土壤”的分析,对于当今我国构建公民社会提供了一定的借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:In the political sphere , the Qing government has set up a more perfect educational administration system , established a business department , promulgated a series of policy laws of merchants and promoted the development of modern media industry . In the political sphere , the Qing government has set up a more perfect educational administration system , has developed a series of social activities aimed at safeguarding the interests of the class , and has gradually developed and developed the public society . Before the new government , there are some western civil society in some of China ' s concessions . The development of the civil society in the concession is mainly from the forcible transfer of the economic system , political system and culture system into the concession by the Western colonizers . The economic , cultural and political conditions required for the development of the public are also promoted . After the Yihetuan Movement , the Qing government introduced new political measures to promote the overall development of modern Chinese civil society . After the emergence of the civil society , it has shown its great energy , which in turn promoted the further implementation of the new government in the end of Qing Dynasty , promoted the development of capitalism , etc . However , in the late Qing Dynasty the civil society , the academic community failed to do a research on the root causes of the new government , but also failed to explain the relation between the new government and the late Qing Dynasty . Therefore , the paper analyses the causes and development of the civil society in modern China from the measures of the new government in the end of Qing Dynasty . The paper can be divided into three chapters : Part One ( Chapter 1 ) expounds the civil society and the civil class of Marxism , which is the theoretical basis of this paper . Part two ( chapter 2 , chapter 3 ) sets forth the social development of the civil society in the Chinese society before the end of the Qing Dynasty and the development of the civil society in the late Qing Dynasty . The third part ( Chapter 4 - 7 ) affirmed the civil society in the new government during the end of the Qing Dynasty . Through the discussion of the above seven chapters , this article affirms that the new government directly promoted the development of the modern Chinese civil society , that is , the economic policy , cultural policy and political policy pursued by the Qing government , which caused the change of the state and social relations , the gradual separation of the society and the state , the gradual separation of the society and the state , the gradual separation of the society and the state , the gradual formation of the civil society , and the analysis of the " soil " needed for the development of the civil society .

【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K257.9

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