晚清驻美公使与美国驻华公使比较研究

发布时间：2018-02-09 12:49

本文关键词： 晚清时期美国公使比较研究　出处：《河北师范大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 十九世纪末二十世纪初,世界上许多西方国家早已进入资本主义时代。而中国正处于社会动荡,国内外矛盾和斗争复杂尖锐的历史时期。中国在鸦片战争失败之后,西方资本主义列强相继来到中国,为实现自己的经济侵略要求签订一系列的不平等条约,中国与各国的官方交往主要就是通过公使来完成的。本文选取晚清驻华公使与美国驻华公使来进行比较研究,希望通过分析比较对研究现在的中美关系和两国之间的交往有所启发,通过对晚清时期的驻美公使的研究,总结一下他们与美国交往所总结的一些经验和教训,希望能够对现在的外交官的一些外交活动也能够提供一些借鉴作用。本文拟以晚清驻美公使的笔记、奏折和官方记录以及翻译的中美往来照会为基础,结合前人研究的成果来进行比较研究,本文大致分从中美两国政府在派遣公使时所处的背景、中美两国公使在所驻国的主要任务和中美两国公使所受文化熏陶三方面去比较。本文共分为四部分: 第一部分:中美两国公使派出驻外公使时外交背景的不同。美国政府为了能够使公使进驻中国北京进行了积极的交涉,而晚清政府为了阻止外国公使进京设置了种种的职务,但随着交往的不断增多和在美华工受到的悲惨遭遇使得晚清政府也逐渐的迈出了派遣使臣驻外的重要一步。第二部分:中美两国公使在所驻国任务的不同。美国驻华公使在中国,秉承美国政府的对华政策,争取有利于美国的最大利益,其中主要的就是争取商业利益。而晚清驻美公使在美国主要任务就是保护华人、华侨,为华工争取权益。第三部分:中美两国公使所受文化熏陶的不同。美国是资本主义国家,其文化也具有资本主义的性质,追求自由、具有功利的色彩,个人主义浓厚,其公使也不可避免受其影响,表现在外交上就是插手弱小国家的事务。中国一直受儒家思想的影响,封建等级观念浓厚,重义轻利,这些思想对使臣的影响巨大,因此对使臣有一定的阻碍作用。第四部分:对晚清驻美公使的评价。晚清是在无例可循的情况下派出的使臣,由于受儒家思想的熏陶,对外来事物接触不多,因此在处理交涉事件时容易妥协。但随着处理外交事件不断增多,通过自身实践,他们逐步学会了运用国际法和外交手段来处理涉外事务,尤其是在保护在美华工方面做出了较大的贡献。
[Abstract]:At the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, many western countries in the world had already entered the capitalist era. However, China is in a historical period of social unrest, complicated contradictions and struggles at home and abroad. After the defeat of the Opium War, Western capitalist powers came to China one after another to sign a series of unequal treaties in order to realize their own economic aggression. The official communication between China and other countries is mainly accomplished by the Minister of Public Affairs. In this paper, the late Qing Dynasty Minister to China and the American Minister to China are selected to carry out a comparative study. I hope that through the analysis and comparison of the current Sino-US relations and the exchanges between the two countries, and through the study of the late Qing Dynasty ambassadors in the United States, I hope to sum up some experiences and lessons from their contacts with the United States. It is hoped that some of the diplomatic activities of current diplomats can also be used for reference. Based on the notes, notes and official notes of the late Qing Dynasty minister in the United States, as well as the translated notes between China and the United States, this paper makes a comparative study on the results of previous studies. This paper is divided into three aspects: the background of the Chinese and American governments when they send ministers, the main tasks of the Chinese and American ambassadors in their countries and the cultural edification of the Chinese and American ambassadors. This paper is divided into four parts:. The first part: the differences between the diplomatic backgrounds of the Chinese and American ambassadors when they were dispatched to foreign countries. The United States government made positive representations to enable the ministers to be stationed in Beijing, while the late Qing government set up various posts to prevent foreign ministers from coming to Beijing. However, with the increasing exchanges and tragic experiences of Chinese workers in the United States, the late Qing government gradually took the important step of sending envoys abroad. The second part: the difference between the missions of Chinese and American ambassadors in the countries in which they are stationed. In China, the US Minister to China adheres to the US government's China policy and strives for the best interests of the United States. The main task of the late Qing Dynasty minister in the United States was to protect Chinese, overseas Chinese and fight for the rights and interests of Chinese workers. The third part: the cultural influence of Chinese and American ministers is different. The United States is a capitalist country, its culture also has the nature of capitalism, the pursuit of freedom, with a utilitarian color, strong individualism, Its ministers are also inevitably influenced by it, which is manifested in its diplomatic interference in the affairs of small and weak countries. China has always been influenced by Confucianism, with a strong sense of feudal hierarchy and a strong emphasis on justice and interests. These ideas have a great influence on envoys. Therefore, there are certain obstructions to the envoys. Part 4th: evaluation of the late Qing Dynasty Minister to the United States. The late Qing Dynasty was an envoy sent out without any rules to follow. Due to the influence of Confucianism, the late Qing Dynasty had little contact with foreign things. Therefore, it is easy to compromise in dealing with the matter of negotiation. But with the increasing number of diplomatic matters, through their own practice, they have gradually learned to use international law and diplomatic means to deal with foreign affairs. Especially in the protection of Chinese workers in the United States made a greater contribution.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K252

【引证文献】