审视与批判：《晨钟报》视域中的民初社会

发布时间：2018-02-21 17:03

本文关键词： 《晨钟报》民初社会审视批判监督　出处：《上海大学》2011年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：《晨钟报》,1916年8月创刊于北京,先后为进步党、宪法研究会机关报,以“商榷时政得失,宣究民群疾苦”为立言标旨,以批判的眼光、反抗权势的勇气和普遍关怀的情结,审视和关注国计民生,试图自觉扮演政局稳定建言人、经济问题监督者、国家利益维护者、民生疾苦查究者的角色。对于《晨钟报》的研究,学术界鲜有涉及。从稳定政局出发,《晨钟报》对政治家形象、政治之正轨进行了有益的探讨,指出政治家应以道德为体,才智为用,以为民谋福利为己任;欲达政治之正轨,应以稳定为基础,调和为手段,平息党争,固本治标为当前之要务。“固本之案,则制定宪法是;治标之案,则整理财政是。”制宪过程中出现的议员能否兼任国务员之争,具有鲜明的时代特色,成为关注的重点;《晨钟报》高调报道涉及财政总长陈锦涛在内的财政部贿赂案,在其中扮演了案情揭发者、推动者直至促使立案审查的角色,鞭挞政府官员涉嫌贿赂之丑闻,高扬正义之利剑。竭蹶不振的财政困境,开源节流乏术的现状,使北京政府不得不以经常性的对外借款勉强维系。《晨钟报》强调涉外借款乃饮鸩止渴之举,然基于中国的现状,又认为此乃不得以而为之,默认了借款事实的存在;并对政府的借款行为提出三点原则性建议:防止日本包办借款,以维护国家利权为前提,严格限制地方借债行为。对于关涉财政金融命脉的币制改革问题,在报道日人的中国币制观时,重点推出了张仲琅的《中国币制改革论》,抨击现有混乱币制,赞同在中国实行金本位。《晨钟报》是典型的国家利益至上论鼓吹者,倡言息内讧,御外侮,同心协力,捍卫主权,呼吁国民外交。在郑家屯交涉中,追踪报道中日双方为争取各自利益最大化展开的博弈,亦将民众维护国权的舆情及时刊登报端,通过舆论导向的力量,试图在政府处理外交事务中扮演监督与建言角色。主张参加一战是《晨钟报》的基本立场,以德美断交为转折点,从断交前后的迟疑审慎到统一步调、力主参战,报方旗帜鲜明地表达了借参战之契机改变中国孤立的外交地位,走上自主外交道路的愿望。关注民生是《晨钟报》的办刊宗旨之一。大到1917年夏秋之交爆发的天津大水灾,在对官方、民间、灾区自身展开的耗时长久、工程浩大的灾后赈济如实报道的同时,也披露了赈济过程中存在的诸多问题;小到常年生活在北京城乡、收入微薄、生活贫困的下层民众,亦给予较多的同情和关注。《晨钟报》还编排了颇能体现刊物主题的特色专栏——“警语”和“大鸣小鸣”。“警语”,以短小精悍、颇富寓意的文字诉求方式,以儒家的礼义廉耻为处世的基本准则,以西学作为救国之良策,青年作为挽救国家危亡的主力军,倡导通过思想层面上的道德重建、制度层面上向西方寻求良药双轨并行的方式挽救民族危亡。“大鸣小鸣”,以格言体的方式、短小精悍的篇幅、工整对仗的格式、幽默辛辣的语句,有针对性地发表对时人时局的牢骚话、个人点评,尤其集中于对政局、政治家、政治事件等的关注,体现了鲜明的政治关怀情结、是非好恶观和济世关怀意识。作为进步党中汤化龙派及研究系的机关报,《晨钟报》较为忠实地执行了进步党、研究系的政治理念,对执掌政权的段祺瑞政府一度保持合作姿态。《晨钟报》也是进步党、研究系知识学人民主理念的宣传主阵地,主张渐进的共和,即赞成共和,反对帝制和君主立宪;倡导中心人物领导下实践共和,主张在中国实施贤人政治;以调和新旧势力之间的矛盾冲突为突破口,通过温和非暴力的渐进方式逐步向民主社会过渡。他们抨击对手,宣扬政见,对政府的诸多政治行为发表评论,进行商榷;他们渴望政局稳定,上下齐心,共建共和,但这些商榷、呼吁和监督,都只是在一个缺乏足够权威的政府有限度的、暂时容忍的范围之内进行,一旦触及到专制的武人政权的核心利益时,也就意味着这一局面的终结。只能说,《晨钟报》扮演了一个弱势监督者的角色。
[Abstract]:"The morning bell", first published in Beijing in August 1916, has for the Progressive Party, the organ of constitutional research, with discussion on "political gains and losses, the group of people suffering Xuan" Liyan standard purpose, with a critical eye, against authority courage and concern for the complex, pay attention to political stability consciously play beneficial to the people's livelihood, suggestions man, economy supervisor, safeguarding national interests, the plight of the people into the role. "The morning bell" for research, academic circles seldom involved.
From the perspective of political stability, "the morning bell > of politicians image, the political right was discussed, pointed out that politicians should be a moral intelligence for the body, for the welfare of the people, think for oneself; to track up politics, should be based on stability, and as a means to quell the dispute, temporary for the current task." in this case is fixed, the constitution is temporary; case, is arranging the finance. "Constitutional process can serve as members of the state of the dispute, with distinct characteristics of the times, has become the focus of attention;" the morning bell and financial reporting > high-profile chief Chen Jintao, Finance Department of bribery, in which case played a whistleblower, until the filing review prompted the facilitator role, government officials suspected of bribery scandal whips, advocating justice sword.
Financial difficulties Jiejue sluggish, and lack of status, the government of Beijing to foreign borrowing regularly to maintain. The morning bell stressed that foreign borrowing is to create > based on the status of Chinese, however, that this is not to be the default, borrowing the facts; and puts forward three principles suggestions on borrowing behavior of the government: to prevent Japan arranged borrowing, in order to maintain the national rights as the premise, strict restrictions on local borrowing behavior. For monetary reform problems concerning the financial lifeline, reported on the Chinese currency in view, focusing on the introduction of the reform of Zhang Zhonglang's theory Chinese < >, attacking the existing chaos system with a gold standard in Chinese.
"The morning bell > is typical of the supremacy of national interest theory advocates, advocate interest infighting, resist foreign aggression and work together to defend the sovereignty, called for national diplomacy. In Zhengjiatun negotiations, the two sides for the follow-up game for their own interests to maximize the maintenance of public right of public opinion will promptly publish newspapers, by public opinion guiding force, trying to play the supervision and suggestions in dealing with foreign affairs. The role of government advocates to participate in a war is the basic position of the newspaper" bell ", with German diplomatic relations as a turning point, from the diplomatic relations before and after prudent to delay the pace of reunification, the main force of the war, party newspaper unequivocally expressed by the war of an opportunity to change Chinese diplomacy the status of isolated, go on the road of independent diplomacy desire.
The purpose of people's livelihood is "the morning bell > the big to the summer of 1917 the outbreak of floods in Tianjin, the official and folk, the disaster itself time-consuming, huge disaster relief report at the same time, also revealed many problems in the process of relief; to the year living in Beijing urban and rural, low income, lower people living in poverty, but also give more sympathy and attention.
< > is also arranged a morning bell to reflect the characteristic of the theme -- "publication column warning" and "Ming Xiaoming." "warning", in short, quite rich text demands of meaning, the Confucian moral standards as the basic criterion of life, to save the nation as the Western way, youth as the main force to save the country from, advocates the reconstruction of moral ideological level, the system level to the West for medicine parallel way to save the nation from peril. "Ming Xiao Ming", with the motto body, short length, lattice type neat antithesis, humor spicy statement, targeted for the complaint: then, personal comments, especially focused on politics, politicians, political events and other concerns, reflecting the complex political concern is distinct, non view and caring consciousness. Their likes and dislikes
As a progressive party in shanghualong and research agencies reported that "the morning bell > more faithfully carried out the research progress party, political philosophy, cooperative attitude. Bell was maintained daily is also the Progressive Party came to power in the Duan Qirui administration, Department of propaganda of knowledge by the people's main position read, advocated gradual the Republic is in favour of the Republic, against the monarchy and constitutional monarchy; advocate the centre under the leadership of the practice of politics in China, advocated the implementation of sage; to reconcile the conflict between the old and new forces as a breakthrough, through gradual moderate non violent transition to a democratic society gradually. They attacked the opponent, to promote political, comment and discussion the political behavior of the government; their desire for political stability, work with concerted efforts, build a republic, but the discussion, appeal and supervision, are just a lack of authoritative government Limited Are within tolerance, temporarily, once touched to the core interests of authoritarian military regime, which means the end of this situation. Only the morning bell said, "> plays a weak role of the supervisor.

【学位授予单位】：上海大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K258

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