1912-1931年间东北灾荒的社会应对研究

发布时间：2018-02-23 22:11

本文关键词： 1912-1931年东北灾荒社会应对　出处：《吉林大学》2013年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文以1912—1931年间东北灾荒为研究对象，大量搜集和挖掘东北地方文献资料，借鉴区域史研究理论和方法，从社会科学角度对灾荒资料进行了较为系统的梳理。运用历史地理学、灾害学、环境学等学科知识与方法对灾荒自然属性进行探究，统计灾荒发生的时空分布情况，分析归纳灾荒发生的特点；运用历史学、社会学、经济学等学科知识和方法对灾荒社会属性进行分析，重点考察民初社会应对灾荒的情况及能力，主要从政府赈济、民间救助、仓储备荒和巫术救荒几个方面来进行阐述，并探究东北灾荒带来的影响。主要内容如下第一章东北灾荒的成因。主要从自然因素和社会因素两个方面探析灾因重点从气候、水系、山脉、地质等方面考察其成灾的自然环境；从对生态的破坏和政治背景考察其成灾的社会环境，如民初政治腐败、战乱频繁、租赋繁重等社会因素使之民不聊生，大大降低了社会整体御灾能力。第二章东北灾荒的历史考察。重点对东北多发的水灾、旱灾、冰雹和瘟疫四种灾害来进行考察，，介绍东北灾情；分析归纳东北灾荒发生的特点：从时间分布上看，发生频繁，无年不灾；从空间地域看，灾区广大，无地不灾；从灾害发生种类看，多灾并发，接连不断，种类繁多，危害严重。第三章东北灾荒的官赈措施。东北地方政府设立赈务机构对灾情进行管理，通过报灾、勘灾和查灾鉴定灾情，实施赈济。首先，急赈以缓灾情。主要措施有拨发赈粮、赈款、设施粥厂和实行以工代赈等；其次，帮扶生产。实行借贷、蠲缓等；最后，调控市场，平抑物价。主要措施是“禁粮出运”和平粜政府赈济措施一定程度上缓解了灾情，赈济中体现了近代化的色彩。但政治的腐败，赈济中的中饱私囊等消极因素，弱化了政府赈灾能力，使政府救济如杯水车薪。第四章东北灾荒的社会救济。民赈群体主要来源于社会慈善团体、绅商政府官员等社会上层人士，还有平民阶层的个人义举。社会救济对当时比较弱化的政府御灾能力是一个强有力的补充，并逐渐承担了社会救济的主要角色，对赈灾发挥着举足轻重的作用。第五章东北地区的仓储备荒。仓储备荒是当时东北政府应对灾害的主要防灾举措，由于政府对官仓建设的能力有限，积极鼓励加强东北各地义仓的建设。各地民间对义仓积谷的征收和使用、义仓的建设和管理、仓董的任命等情况都制定了较为完善的规章制度。但在实际运行和管理中还是弊端丛生，义仓积谷被挪用、变谷生金、中饱私囊、仓董失职、天灾人祸等情况时有发生，使义仓积谷遭受巨大损失，弱化了义仓积谷灾时急赈的重要作用。第六章东北旱灾与禳弥信仰。这是古代消极的救灾思想，被历代所沿用和效仿。由于民国时期政治腐败、战乱频繁、传统思想根深蒂固，加之民众受教育水平低，使巫术救荒在民国时期东北地区一度盛行，统治者积极组织参与祈神禳灾，使巫术救荒更加得到了人们的敬畏，达到所谓的阶级调和。其实质是政府御灾能力降低的表现，巫术救荒不仅贻误了最佳的救灾时机，而且浪费了大量的人力、物力和财力，进一步加深了灾民的痛苦。第七章东北灾荒的影响。灾荒造成东北人口的死亡与流移；破坏了东北人们的生产生活；加剧东北社会环境的恶化，导致东北社会秩序的失控和阶级矛盾的激化。民国时期灾荒距今较近，对今天东北地区的防灾、减灾和救灾等工作也可以提供历史教训与借鉴，并对东北地域经济投资的预测性和针对性提供理论依据，具有重要的现实意义。
[Abstract]:This paper takes 1912 - 1931 years of famine in Northeast China as the research object, collecting and mining of local literature in Northeast China, drawing on regional history theory and method, makes a systematic summary of calamity information from the social science perspective. Using historical geography, disaster science, environmental science and other disciplines of knowledge and methods to explore the nature of famine the temporal and spatial distribution of statistical analysis summarized the characteristics of the famine, the famine; the use of history, sociology, economics and other disciplines of knowledge and methods to analyze the social attribute of famine, and the ability to focus on the investigation of the early social response of the famine relief, mainly from the government, civil relief, warehousing preparedness and magic famine elaborates several aspects. And to explore the impact of the Northeast caused by famine. The main contents are as follows
The first chapter of northeast famine. Mainly from natural factors and social factors of the two aspects of disaster because of focus from climate, water, mountains, geological and other aspects in the natural environment; to inspect the disaster from the damage to the ecology and political background of the social environment, such as the political corruption, frequent wars, heavy taxes the social factors that greatly reduces the overall social The people are destitute., ability to resist disaster.
The second chapter of the history of the northeast. Focus on the Northeast famine prone to flood, drought, hail and plague of four kinds of disasters to inspect disaster in the Northeast; analysis summarized the characteristics of northeast famine occurred frequently: look, from the time of distribution, no disaster; from the space domain, the majority of the disaster area, no not from the disaster; disaster types, more complicated disaster, continuously, many kinds of serious harm.
The third chapter is the famine of the official relief measures. The Northeast Local Government set up relief mechanism for the management of the disaster, the disaster, disaster survey and check disaster disaster relief. The implementation of identification, first of all, urgent relief to ease the situation. The main measures include the disbursement of relief food, so, porridge factory facilities and the implementation of welfare to work; secondly, helping the production. The implementation of loan, relief and so on; finally, to regulate the market, stabilize prices. The main measures are "no grain shipped" peace at the government relief measures to alleviate the disaster relief, embodies the modern color. But the political corruption, the relief of self and other negative factors, weakening the government relief, the government relief as an utterly inadequate measure.
The fourth chapter is the social relief. The famine relief of the people groups mainly from social charity, government officials and businessmen of social elite and civilian individuals owed. Social relief is a powerful supplement to the weakening of the government was to resist disaster ability, and gradually take the main role of social relief, play an important role in disaster relief.
In the fifth chapter, the warehousing preparedness is a major disaster prevention measures. Warehousing preparedness was northeast of the government's response to the disaster, the government of Guan Cang Construction Co., actively encourage and strengthen the construction of the Northeast granary. Around around the folk of granary product collection and use of the valley, the construction and management of the warehouse granary, etc. are named Dong establish more perfect rules and regulations. But in the actual operation and management or abuse, misappropriation of granary Valley, valley becomes Shengjin, Dong Bin embezzlement, dereliction of duty, natural calamities and man-made misfortunes happen frequently, the granary Valley suffered huge losses, weakening the role of granary Valley disaster emergency relief.
The sixth chapter northeast drought and let Mi faith. This is the ancient negative thoughts, is the history of the use and follow. Because of the political corruption, frequent wars, traditional thought ingrained, and people's education level is low, the magic famine in the northeast region of the Republic of China is popular, rulers participated actively in praying disaster the more, the magic famine obtained people's fear, to reconcile the so-called class. Its essence is to reduce the government ability to resist disaster, not only delay the magic famine relief the best time, but also waste a lot of manpower, material and financial resources, and further enhance the suffering of the victims.
The seventh chapter is about the impact of Northeast China's famine. The famine caused the death and migration of the northeastern population. It destroyed the production and life of the northeastern people, and aggravated the deterioration of the Northeast social environment, resulting in the social order in Northeast China being out of control and the intensification of class contradictions.
During the period of the Republic of China, the famine is relatively close. It can also provide lessons and lessons for the disaster prevention, disaster reduction and disaster relief in Northeast China today, and provide a theoretical basis for the prediction and pertinence of the economic investment in Northeast China, which has important practical significance.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D632.5;K26

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