江苏民众教育馆研究（1928-1937）

发布时间：2018-02-26 22:20

本文关键词： 江苏民众教育馆基层社会改造现代化南京国民政府　出处：《苏州大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：民众教育馆是南京国民政府时期由政府建立并主导的一种社会教育机构。它与学校教育有别，是在城乡广泛设立的、面向社会民众、实施社会教育的“中心机关”和“综合机关”。1928年，江苏首先建立民众教育馆，随后逐渐由城市扩展至乡村，对基层民众进行比较全面的现代化改造。1937年抗战爆发后，江苏民众教育馆或停闭或迁移，，受战争的影响，事业基本停顿。在1928～1937年的十年间，江苏民众教育馆先后致力于改良民众文化、改善民众生计、塑造公民观念的社会改造活动。江苏民众教育馆建立之初，对基层社会的现代化改造，主要着眼于举办识字教育；到了20世纪30年代初，鉴于民众生计的凋敝，事业的重心转移至生计指导方面；1935年以后，随着现代化建设的深入和民族危机的加深，江苏民众教育馆对基层社会的改造以塑造公民观念为中心。整体而言，江苏民众教育馆改良民众文化具有基础性和教育性的特点，改善民众生计具有应急性和指导性的特点，塑造公民观念具有草根性和社会性的特点。总体上看，社会改造活动取得了一定的成效。不仅如此，江苏民众教育馆模式，还曾作为“范例”被推向全国，产生了极大的社会影响。作为南京国民政府时期推行时间最长的一种官方改造模式，在政府基层力量捉襟见肘的环境下，曾被政府赋予在基层社会的“权威”角色，这样的角色便利了它自上而下强势推动现代化改造，在提高民众的文化素质、改善民众的生存状态、追求基层社会自治、传播现代文明理念等方面，发挥了积极作用。此外，学术界一般认为，抗战之前，政府的权力所能达到的边界止于县级，县以下的控制只能通过民间力量间接实现，然而江苏民众教育馆模式表明，民众教育馆以其“权威”角色，在一定程度上填补了政府对基层社会的管理“缺位”。当然，由于政治环境、国民素质以及民众教育馆自身存在的缺陷等因素，江苏民众教育馆的社会改造活动，也不可避免地受到一定的制约，影响其绩效。而且，这种官方色彩的改造模式，用“制度变迁”理论观察，其兴其衰，其实很大程度上受制于政府的态度。再者，这种改造模式是以现存政治经济制度的合理性为前提的，属于改良主义的模式，其对基层社会的现代化改造，必然具有历史的局限性。不过，它虽然最终因政府不断地高度集权所导致的现代化终结而破产，但是这并不能抹杀它对江苏乃至全国现代化改造探索的历史性贡献。
[Abstract]:The Museum of popular Education is a kind of social educational institution established and dominated by the government during the period of Nanjing National Government. It is different from school education and is widely set up in urban and rural areas, facing the public. The "central organs" and "comprehensive organs" for implementing social education. In 1928, Jiangsu first established the popular Education Museum, then gradually expanded from the city to the countryside to modernize the grassroots people in a more comprehensive way. After the outbreak of the War of Resistance against Japan in 1937, Jiangsu popular Education Museum or closed or relocated, affected by the war, the cause of the basic standstill. During the ten years from 1928 to 1937, the Jiangsu popular Education Museum has devoted itself to the social reform activities of improving the people's culture, improving the livelihood of the people and shaping the concept of citizens. At the beginning of the establishment of the Jiangsu popular Education Museum, the modernization of the grass-roots society was reformed. By the beginning of 1930s, in view of the decline in the livelihood of the population, the focus of the cause had shifted to livelihood guidance; after 1935, with the deepening of modernization and the deepening of the national crisis, The transformation of the grass-roots society by the Jiangsu popular Education Museum is centered on shaping the concept of citizenship. As a whole, the Jiangsu popular Education Museum has the basic and educational characteristics of improving the people's culture, and the improvement of the people's livelihood has the characteristics of urgency and guidance. Shaping the concept of citizenship has the characteristics of grass roots and sociality. On the whole, social reform activities have achieved certain results. Not only that, the Jiangsu popular Education Museum model has also been pushed to the whole country as a "model". As one of the longest official transformation models in the period of Nanjing National Government, the government had been entrusted with the role of "authority" in the grassroots society under the environment where the grassroots forces of the government were overstretched. Such a role facilitates its efforts from the top down to propel modernization, and it plays a positive role in improving the people's cultural quality, improving the people's living conditions, pursuing grass-roots social autonomy, spreading the concept of modern civilization, and so on. Academic circles generally believe that before the War of Resistance against Japan, the government's power ended at the county level, and the control below the county level could only be indirectly realized through civilian forces. However, the model of Jiangsu popular Education Museum shows that the popular Education Museum has its "authoritative" role. To a certain extent, the government to fill the grass-roots social management "vacancy." Of course, due to the political environment, the quality of the people and the defects of the mass education museum itself, the social reform activities of the Jiangsu popular Education Museum are inevitably restricted to some extent, affecting its performance. This kind of transformation mode of official color, observed from the theory of "institutional change", is, to a large extent, subject to the attitude of the government. Moreover, this transformation mode is premised on the rationality of the existing political and economic system. The model of reformism, which is bound to have historical limitations on the modernization transformation of the grassroots society, however, eventually went bankrupt because of the end of modernization caused by the government's constant high degree of centralization. However, this does not negate its historic contribution to the exploration of modernization transformation in Jiangsu and even the whole country.
【学位授予单位】：苏州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K263;G529

【引证文献】