中国、印度与东南亚之间的鸦片“三角贸易”研究（1602-1917）

发布时间：2018-03-01 08:55

本文关键词： 鸦片 “三角贸易” 供求关系印度东南亚中国鸦片泛滥　出处：《河北师范大学》2011年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：自公元10世纪起,印度鸦片就开始被阿拉伯人转运到国外。公元1500年前后的地理大发现标志着世界历史步入近代①,也同时揭开了西方列强殖民扩张的序幕。最先来到亚洲的葡萄牙人利用原有的贸易网络,逐渐建立起葡萄牙大商帆贸易,亚洲的鸦片贸易随之活跃。17世纪,荷兰人也扬帆东来。在此后一百多年的时间里,荷兰殖民者利用“鸦片烟”在东南亚传播的有利条件,将印度的鸦片生产与东南亚的鸦片消费牢牢地联系起来。18世纪中叶,英国人占领了重要的鸦片产地孟加拉,并垄断了当地的鸦片业,为大规模地组织鸦片生产准备了条件。不久,单纯吸食鸦片的方法在中国被发明了,在极短的时间内,中国便取代东南亚成为印度鸦片最大的国外市场。至此,印度生产鸦片而中国和东南亚消费鸦片的“三角贸易”格局正式形成。19世纪上半叶,控制孟加拉鸦片的英国东印度公司与控制麻洼鸦片的印度土商为争夺市场展开了激烈竞争。以1843年英国吞并信德为标志,英国扼死了麻洼鸦片出口的咽喉。而1842年鸦片战争结束以后,中国土产鸦片又逐渐兴起,开始在中国市场上展开了与印度鸦片的竞争。印度鸦片在中国市场的份额逐渐减少,被迫向东南亚市场转移,但在19世纪80年代以后,东南亚市场也完全饱和。与此同时,不断降低的鸦片价格使得妄图维持垄断利润的英印政府已无利可图。20世纪初,走投无路的英印政府最终放弃了鸦片政策,“三角贸易”格局宣告终结。近代中国的鸦片泛滥与亚洲鸦片贸易格局的演变密切相关。本文考察了鸦片“三角贸易”格局形成、发展、演变的过程以及不同时期中国与外部的供求互动关系,力求揭示近代中国鸦片泛滥的原因并从宏观上描述鸦片泛滥的过程。鉴于学界对印度鸦片生产问题关注不够,本文还着重考察了印度的鸦片生产过程、生产体制、鸦片种植农的生活处境以及印度自身的鸦片消费等问题。在此基础上,本文对中印两国的鸦片问题做了比较研究。
[Abstract]:Since 10th century, Indian opium began to be transported abroad by Arabs. The great discovery of geography around 1500 marked the beginning of the modern world history and also the prelude to the colonial expansion of the western powers. Portugal was the first to arrive in Asia. People use the old trade network, With the gradual establishment of the great Portuguese merchant sail trade, the opium trade in Asia became active in the 17th century, and the Dutch set sail eastward. For more than 100 years thereafter, the Dutch colonists used the "opium smoke" to spread the favorable conditions in Southeast Asia. A strong link between Indian opium production and opium consumption in Southeast Asia. In the mid-18th century, the British occupied Bangladesh, an important producer of opium, and monopolized the local opium industry. The conditions for large-scale organization of opium production were prepared. Soon, the simple method of taking opium was invented in China, and in a very short time China replaced Southeast Asia as the largest foreign market for Indian opium. The "triangular trade" pattern of opium production in India and opium consumption in China and Southeast Asia was formally formed in the first half of the 19th century. The British East India Company, which controls Bangladeshi opium, competes fiercely with the native Indian company that controls opium in Mawa, marked by Britain's annexation of Sindh in 1843. Britain strangled the throat of Mawa opium exports. After the Opium War in 1842, Chinese opium began to rise, and began to compete with Indian opium in the Chinese market. The share of Indian opium in the Chinese market gradually decreased. Forced to move to Southeast Asian markets, but after 1880s, Southeast Asian markets were fully saturated. At the same time, falling opium prices made it unprofitable for the British and Indian governments to maintain monopoly profits. The desperate British and Indian governments finally abandoned the opium policy and the "triangular trade" pattern came to an end. The spread of opium in modern China is closely related to the evolution of the Asian opium trade pattern. This paper examines the formation of the "triangular trade" pattern of opium. The process of development, evolution and the interaction between supply and demand between China and the outside in different periods, in order to reveal the causes of opium proliferation in modern China and to describe the process of opium overflowing macroscopically, in view of the insufficient attention paid by scholars to the problem of opium production in India, This paper also focuses on the opium production process, production system, living conditions of opium farmers and opium consumption in India. On this basis, this paper makes a comparative study of opium problems between China and India.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K252

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