论李鸿章宗藩关系观念的近代变异

发布时间：2018-03-25 11:57

本文选题：李鸿章　切入点：宗藩关系　出处：《湖南师范大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：宗藩关系作为在东亚存在两千多年的国际秩序体系,在近代背景下,发生了重大变化。李鸿章作为晚清重臣,活跃于晚清外交一线,其宗藩关系观念形成于外交实践中,也反过来深刻影响其外交决策。近世以降,李鸿章的宗藩关系观念逐渐发生变异。其深受“中体西用”观念影响,一方面,其宗藩关系观念逐步“西化”,把西方国际公法认识内化于宗藩危机应对中,突破“治以不治”观念的桎梏,主动干预属国事务,意图重新构建宗藩体系。而面对西方文明的激烈冲击,加之清王朝的势弱,属国内部自主情绪日炽,李鸿章借鉴西方国际秩序中的属国概念,在“治以需治”观念基础上形成全面强化宗藩控制的观念,在控制过程中,李鸿章的强化宗藩控制观念与属国自主观念产生了激烈冲突。最终,甲午战争后,宗藩关系被瓦解,但是李鸿章的宗藩观念仍有所残留,并不时影响李鸿章外交认识和决策。另一方面,在积极吸收西方国际公法观念之外,传统观念仍在李鸿章宗藩观念中占有重要地位,其对于传统宗藩制度,从现实需要出发,进行调适和变通,使之成为制衡公法制度破坏宗藩关系的有力武器。内忧外患的现实让李鸿章对于维系宗藩关系的目的和手段产生了新的认识。满足清王朝“天朝上国”的虚荣心已经不是主要的目的,清朝的国家利益成为维系宗藩关系的出发点,其处理宗藩事务中所使用的手段与方法具有很强的现实主义色彩。此外,利用西方国际公法秩序维护传统宗藩关系,成为李鸿章应对宗藩危机最常使用的手段。李鸿章的传统观念与公法观念在宗藩关系语境下,密切联系,相互融合,又时而产生冲突。一方面,李鸿章以传统宗藩关系观念为框架,对西方国际公法规则进行改造,然后将之融入到宗藩关系中;另一方面,西方国际公法观念又对传统宗藩秩序形成冲击,破坏李鸿章的传统观念,让其越发曲从于国际公法秩序。这揭示出李鸿章宗藩关系观念变异的曲折性和反复性。李鸿章的宗藩关系观念是晚清国人宗藩关系观念的一个面相,在其观念指导下,有损害属国利益的行为,但认真剖析其宗藩观念,总结教训,提炼有益因子,对于构建新型的国际秩序具有一定借鉴作用。
[Abstract]:The suzerain-vassal relationship, as a system of international order that existed in East Asia for more than two thousand years, has undergone great changes under the background of modern times. Li Hongzhang, as an important official in the late Qing Dynasty, was active in the front line of diplomacy in the late Qing Dynasty, and his concept of suzerain-vassal relationship was formed in diplomatic practice. On the other hand, Li Hongzhang's concept of suzerain-vassal relations gradually changed. He was deeply influenced by the concept of "using the Chinese and the West". On the one hand, His concept of suzerain-vassal relationship gradually "westernized", internalized the western public international law in the response to the suzerain-vassal crisis, broke through the shackles of the idea of "governing without ruling", and took the initiative to interfere in the affairs of the state. In the face of the fierce impact of Western civilization and the weak power of the Qing Dynasty, the independent feelings within the imperial state were incandescent. Li Hongzhang drew lessons from the concept of the imperial state in the western international order. On the basis of the concept of "governing with the need for treatment", the concept of strengthening the Suzerain-vassal control was formed. In the process of control, there was a fierce conflict between Li Hongzhang's idea of strengthening the Suzerain-vassal control and the concept of independence of the subordinate state. Finally, after the Sino-Japanese War, the suzerain-vassal relationship was disintegrated. However, Li Hongzhang's concept of suzerain-vassal still remains, and from time to time affects the diplomatic understanding and decision-making of Li Hongzhang. On the other hand, in addition to actively absorbing western concepts of international public law, traditional concepts still play an important role in the concept of the suzerain-vassal state of Li Hongzhang. For the traditional suzerain-vassal system, it adjusts and adapts to the need of reality. The reality of internal and external troubles made Li Hongzhang have a new understanding of the purpose and means of maintaining the suzerain-vassal relationship, and satisfied the vanity of "the upper kingdom of the Chinese dynasty" in the Qing Dynasty. Is no longer the main purpose. The national interests of the Qing Dynasty became the starting point of maintaining the suzerain-vassal relationship, and the means and methods used in the handling of the suzerain-vassal affairs were very realistic. In addition, the western public international law order was used to maintain the traditional suzerain-vassal relations. In the context of suzerain-vassal relations, Li Hongzhang's traditional concepts and public law concepts are closely linked, integrated, and sometimes conflicted. Li Hongzhang, taking the traditional concept of suzerain-vassal relationship as the frame, reformed the rules of western public international law and then incorporated them into the suzerain-vassal relationship. On the other hand, the western concept of international public law had a great impact on the traditional suzerain-vassal order. Destroying Li Hongzhang's traditional concept and making it more and more from the order of international public law, this reveals the perversion and repetition of the variation in the concept of Li Hongzhang's suzerain-vassal relationship. The concept of the suzerain-vassal relationship of Li Hongzhang is a facet of the concept of suzerain-vassal relations among Chinese people in the late Qing Dynasty. Under the guidance of his concept, there are acts that harm the interests of the subordinate state, but it is useful for the construction of a new international order to seriously analyze his suzerain-vassal concept, sum up lessons, and refine beneficial factors.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K252

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