抗战时期张其昀国防建设思想研究

发布时间：2018-03-28 08:25

本文选题：张其昀　切入点：国防　出处：《华中师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：清末以降,救时救亡成为中华民族的中心课题。国难当前,知识分子“读书不忘救国”,“学人言政”成为时代潮流,生逢其时,张其昀也不例外。在“九一八”国难之后,“热河之战”、“淞沪惨案”等民族灾难接踵而至,中国领土一丧再丧,东北、华北、华东等领土先后为日本所占据,国家主权与日俱损,国民政府被迫迁至重庆。面对侵略,中国军队“腐败不堪”,节节败退,国防陷于“破产”。为抗战救亡,张其昀发表了大量国防建设言论,以此为基础,本文主要探讨其国防建设思想产生的背景以及国防观念、国防计划、国防教育三个层面的具体内容。张其昀国防建设思想的产生,植根于晚清以来国难日重的时代背景,又受到了浙东学派“经世致用”学统的影响。此外,良好的家庭教育以及学校教育都对他国防建设思想的形成起到了很大的推动作用。在国防观念层面,张其昀认为,中国军民“分为二橛”,国防已达到破产的地步。为扫除时弊,他号召国人重振士气,树立“国防中心”的观念,建设“真正的国防”。具体来说,就是要国人以国防为“衡量一切的标准”,变“军队的国防”为“全民的国防”,实行全民抗战。全民抗战并非是要国人只做意气的抗争,而是要国人在充分认识国防根本问题的基础上做理性抗战。他认为国防的根本问题有“民心”、“学力”、“府库”、“统帅”四项。在认清了国防的根本问题之后,还要在实事求是的基础上作“三军主义与五权国防”的国防计划。“三军主义”是针对国防建设过分偏重陆军的弊端而提出的,他认为陆军、海军、空军应当兼顾并重,协同发展,是谓“三军主义”。要实行“三军主义”,必须要有军事机械(兵器)与军事堡垒(军港、要塞)的匹配发展来奠定基础。因此,要发展三军主义,必须要建设“五权国防”。在“五权国防”当中,“机械”一项至关重要。要实现国防“机械化”,非建设“新式的国防”不可。所谓“新式的国防”,就是改变国防建设思路,从以往注重军队“量”的扩展,转变为注重军备“质”的提高。具体来说,就是要实行“摩托化”,大力发展以潜水艇、飞机、坦克车为重点的“摩托战具”。至于军事堡垒的建设,要以“象山港”为中心建造海上据点,以“衢地”为中心,建设陆上“生命点”。张其昀认为“教育可以促进国防”,国防计划的执行也离不开教育。因此,他提出教育必须“适合国防建设需要”的主张。结合教育自身的特点和规律,他将国防教育的目标、内容、原则等阐发为“国计论”、“民生论”、“年序论”、“环境论”四论。针对在校青年的国防教育,他提出要特别注重精神层面的“国魂”、“军人魂”教育。“国魂”是指“孔学”为中心的儒家文化,“军人魂”是指古代兵家提倡的“智”、“仁”、“勇”、“信”、“严’’五种德行。现代战争不只是战场上的战争,战场外的较量对战争的胜负也有着重要的影响。国防经济的建设、民族精神的再造、军官的培养等战场外的因素也统统被张其昀纳入到国防视野之内。张其昀的国防建设思想极具史地学色彩,从价值判断上来看,既有真知灼见,也有书生言政的不切实际的理想主义成分。
[Abstract]:At the end of the Qing Dynasty , saving time and saving became the central task of the Chinese nation . At present , the intellectuals " don ' t forget to save the country " , the " school people speak good " became the trend of the times , and when they were born , Zhang Yun was no exception .

After the " Jiuyi Eight " national disaster , the " hot river war " , " Songhu tragedy " and other ethnic disasters have followed , the Chinese territory has lost again , the Northeast , North China , East China and other territories have been occupied by Japan , the national sovereignty and the daily loss , the national government has been forced to move to Chongqing . In the face of the aggression , the Chinese army is " corrupt " , the festival is defeated , the national defense is trapped in " bankruptcy " .

In order to save the war , Zhang Qiyun published a great deal of national defense construction . This paper mainly discusses the background of the thought of national defense construction and the concrete contents of the three aspects of national defense concept , national defense plan and national defense education .

Zhang Qiyun ' s thought of national defense construction is rooted in the background of the times and the influence of the school of the east of Zhejiang . In addition , good family education and school education have played a great role in the formation of his thought of defense construction .

In the view of the concept of national defense , Zhang Qiyun believes that the Chinese military and the people are divided into " two parts " and the national defense has reached the point of bankruptcy . In order to wipe out the pros and cons , he calls on the Chinese people to re - shake the morale and build up the " real defense " . In particular , it is necessary for the Chinese people to make rational and anti - war on the basis of national defense as the " measure of all standards " and " national defense of the army " . He believes that the fundamental problem of national defense is " people heart " , " school strength " , " treasury " and " commander " four .

After recognizing the fundamental problem of national defense , it is necessary to make a national defense plan on the basis of seeking truth from facts .

In the " Five Rights National Defense " , " machinery " is very important . In order to realize the " mechanization " of national defense , the " new national defense " cannot be constructed . The so - called " new national defense " is to change the thought of national defense construction . It is to change the concept of " new type of defense " . In particular , it is necessary to carry out " motorized " to develop the " motorcycle fighting tool " focusing on the submarine , airplane and tank .

Zhang Yun thinks that " education can promote national defense " and the implementation of national defense plan cannot be separated from education . Therefore , he puts forward that education must be " suitable for national defense construction needs " . In combination with the characteristics and laws of education itself , he puts forward the goal , content and principle of national defense education as " national plan theory " , " folk life theory " , " annual sequence theory " and " environment theory " . The modern war is not only the war on the battlefield , but the battle outside the battlefield has an important influence on the victory of the war . The construction of the national defense economy , the reconstruction of the national spirit and the cultivation of the officers are also integrated into the field of national defense . Zhang Qiyun ' s thought of national defense construction has a history of historical science . From the value judgment , it has not only the knowledge of knowledge , but also the unrealistic idealist component of the scholar ' s oral administration .

【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：E25;K265

【参考文献】