晚清满汉政策调整研究

发布时间：2018-03-30 13:54

本文选题：满汉关系　切入点：满汉政策　出处：《云南师范大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：清朝的满汉政策，经历了一个不断发展变化的过程。清初，统治者施行民族同化政策，再到清中期实行的“满汉一体”、“满汉一家”，晚清时“平满汉畛域”以化满汉族群之间的冲突和对立。满汉政策的施行是根据满汉关系的改变而发生变化的，这是一个非常复杂而又曲折的历史过程。清初统治者为了巩固其统治，压制和消弭汉人的反抗精神，对于汉人的反抗，统治者的镇压极其残忍冷酷，以致出现了“扬州十日”、“嘉定三屠”这样大规模屠杀汉人的事件；制订“逃人法”，奴役广大汉人供满人驱使，并制订严厉政策抵制其逃亡；大兴“文字狱”，在文化上对汉人潜在的反抗精神予以扼杀；提出“夷夏不分家”的理论，挑战并试图彻底颠覆汉人传统的“华夷之防”思想；在身份地位上，清朝统治者始终保持着警觉，采取“满汉隔离”、“崇满抑汉”的政策：严禁满汉通婚、禁止汉人居住在东北“龙兴之地”，甚至设置障碍，防止汉人进入边疆与其他少数民族交流。这些政策的实施，大大激化了满汉矛盾。然而到了清末，在“千古未有之大变局”的背景下，一方面，，汉人民族意识的觉醒与“排满”意识开始重新抬头；另一方面，满人军事力量的不振和汉人地方实力派的崛起，清统治者被迫开始调整满汉政策以应对新的形势。本文重点放在了晚清满汉政策的调整方向、力度与执行力上。一方面，随着满人八旗制度的难以为继与汉人地方实力派的崛起，统治者更加依仗汉人的军事力量来维持其统治；另一方面，汉人民族主义已经觉醒，在民族主义的冲击及反制下，满人对于维持其原有特权利益上渐渐显得力不从心。对于汉人力量的挑战，满人统治者试图调整满汉政策以适应新的形式。但是，清政府出台的一系列措施被证明非但无法解决原有的满汉畛域，而满汉畛域反而有扩大化之势。清政府在解决满汉问题上的无能——始自奕1861年被任命为军机处大臣为代表的满人亲王政治、1865年出台的关于八旗改革的谕令，一直到义和团运动后的清末新政——大大消减了社会精英对政府的信任和期许，为之后辛亥革命的成功创造了条件。
[Abstract]:The Manchu and Han policies of the Qing Dynasty underwent a process of continuous development and change. In the early Qing Dynasty, the rulers implemented the policy of national assimilation. To the "integration of Manchu and Han", "Manchu and Han" in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, and to the "plain Manchu and Han" in the late Qing Dynasty in order to change the conflict and opposition between the Manchu and Han ethnic groups. The implementation of Manchu and Han policies has changed according to the changes in Manchu and Han relations. This is a very complicated and tortuous historical process. In the early Qing Dynasty, in order to consolidate their rule, suppress and eliminate the spirit of resistance of the Han people, the suppression of the rulers was extremely cruel and cold, resulting in the mass slaughter of Han people such as "Yangzhou 10 days" and "Jiading three slaughtering". They formulated the "fleeing people Law", enslaved the vast number of Han people to be driven by the Manchu, and formulated strict policies to resist their escape; greatly promoted the "literary prison" to stifle the latent spirit of resistance of the Han people in culture; and put forward the theory that "the Yi Xia is not separated from the family." Challenging and attempting to completely subvert the traditional Han people's thought of "the defense of China's Yi"; on the status of the Qing Dynasty, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty remained vigilant and adopted the policy of "isolating the Manchu and Han" and "worshipping the Manchu and restraining the Han": the marriage between Manchu and Han was strictly prohibited. Han people are forbidden to live in the "Longxing Land" of the Northeast, and even obstacles are set up to prevent Han people from entering the border areas to communicate with other ethnic minorities. These policies greatly intensified the conflict between Manchu and Han. However, by the end of the Qing Dynasty, On the one hand, the awakening of the national consciousness of the Han people and the consciousness of "queue up" began to rise again; on the other hand, the military power of the Manchu people and the rise of the local strength of the Han people began to rise again. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty were forced to adjust the Manchu-Han policy to cope with the new situation. This paper focuses on the adjustment direction, strength and execution of Manchu and Han policies in the late Qing Dynasty. On the one hand, with the unsustainability of the eight banners of Manchu people and the rise of the local powerful schools of Han people, The rulers rely more on the military power of the Han people to maintain their rule; on the other hand, the Han nationalism has awoken, under the impact of nationalism and counter-control. Manchu people are becoming unable to maintain their original privileged interests. To the challenge of Han power, Manchu rulers try to adjust Manchu policies to new forms. However, A series of measures introduced by the Qing government proved that they could not solve the problem of the original Manchu and Han regions. On the contrary, the Manchu and Han regions have the tendency to expand. The Qing government's incompetence in solving the Manchu and Han problems began with the Manchu Prince Politics, appointed as the Minister of military aircraft and Department in 1861, and the oracle on the reform of the eight banners issued in 1865. The New deal until the end of Qing Dynasty after the Yihetuan Movement greatly reduced the trust and expectation of the social elite to the government and created the conditions for the success of the 1911 Revolution.
【学位授予单位】：云南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：K252

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