潘光旦政治思想研究

发布时间：2018-04-03 01:21

本文选题：民族　切入点：平等　出处：《陕西师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：潘光旦,江苏宝山人,是民国时期著名的社会学家和教育家。他出身了士绅家庭,从小就接受了良好的教育,因此顺利考入清华留美预备班。他在清华学业成绩突出,虽然腿部有残疾,依然成功留美,在美国取得硕士学位后归国。潘光旦的求学生涯十分顺利,留美背景和丰富的学识使其迅速融入进中国的大学,并很快获得了一定的学术地位。民国时期的知识分子大都具有很深的爱国情怀,在教书之余,潘光旦时常发表各类文章,纵论国事。这些文章有许多涉及到政治问题,通过对这些文章的梳理,我们可以很清晰地了解潘光旦的政治思想潘光旦的政治思想十分全面,具有一定的内在逻辑性。本文主要考察了时人比较关注的民族、平等、民主和自由思想。在民族思想方面,潘光旦认为民族既是历史文化的共同体,也是血缘共同体,它同时具有这两方面的属性。他从优生学的角度,认为民族的生物因素起到基础性作用,人们对民族生物因素的忽视是不应该的。中华民族并不是衰老的民族,虽然中华民族有体格柔韧化、缺乏科学头脑、组织能力薄弱和自私自利心的畸形发展这四种病象,但只要改造方法得宜,是可以实现民族复兴的。潘光旦的平等思想相对比较简单。平等的含义比较复杂,包括了等同、平均和公正等意。平等一词意义的复杂性给人们的思维造成了很大的混乱,潘光旦平等思想的展开就是在国人对平等的理解充满了歧异的情况下展开的。民国时期,人们一般把平等一词理解为等同和平均,因而,潘光旦对这一现象很是不满。他利用生物学和社会学知识,对平等理念所蕴含的等同和平均两意进行了批判,从而肯定了平等理念所蕴含的公正之意,提出了以公正(公道)概念代替平等概念的主张。潘光旦实际上是一位平等主义的坚决反对者。在一个把平等惯于理解成平均主义的国家,潘光旦坚持自己的观点,是需要很大的理论勇气的。他提出的以公正概念代替平等概念的主张,虽然对平等的看法有些偏颇,但也能给我们一些有益的启示。随着改革开放的深入,中国人的收入差距越来越大,社会公正问题也因此日益严重,为了避免意义含混的平等概念带来的不必要的麻烦,我们应更多的使用公正概念未必不是一个值得考虑的选择。潘光旦的民主思想也具有个人特色。在民主价值论上,他认为民主是实现自由的保障,民主有利于民族健康,促进一个民族的发展。在民主建设论上,他认为教育起到决定性的作用,此外,家庭制度和社会精英的作用也是不可忽视的。中国要建立民主政治不能忽视传统思想的民主因素,中国建立的民主政治制度不能一味模仿英美,可以有自己的创造。作为一个自由主义者,潘光旦的自由思想十分系统。他的自由观不是重在排除外部障碍的外在自由,而是侧重于消除内在能力和理性不足的内在自由。作为一个自由主义者,与西方的同道一样,潘光旦对历史决定论和历史进步论同样持拒斥的态度。在对自由的价值论方面,他认为自由是生命的目的,有利于个人价值的实现和社会的发展与稳定；自由社会具有包容性,有利于各种人才的培育和发展,从而促进一个民族文化和社会的进步。要实现人的自由,一要建立民主政治,二要发展教育。可惜的是,新中国成立之后,迫于政治与舆论压力,潘光旦不得不放弃自己的自由主义立场。潘光旦的一生可谓一帆风顺,由于深受欧风美雨的影响,他始终坚持客观中立的立场放言无忌,直言批评各种思想,甚至包括公开抨击国民党。但到了1946年7月,潘光旦遭遇到了生平第一次重大的政治压力。当月发生了“李闻惨案”,潘光旦等人在闻一多被刺当晚,不得不躲进美国驻昆明领事馆。国民党用暗杀的手段来对付批评者的卑劣行为,使潘在思想上开始转向。1949年,国民政府在大陆的败局已定,他最终选择了拥抱人民的新中国,而且开始试图融入新社会。但是,由于复杂的历史问题,潘光旦在知识分子改造运动和反右运动中,受到冲击,从此,被打入历史的另册。
[Abstract]:Pan Guangdan, Jiangsu Baoshan people, is a famous sociologist and educator in the Republic of China. He was born a gentry family, had received a good education, so the United States successfully admitted to Tsinghua university preparatory class. He studies at Tsinghua outstanding achievements, although leg disability, still managed to stay in the US, obtaining a master's degree in the United States after returning from the pan. Guangdan's school career very smoothly, leaving the United States background and knowledge make it rapidly into Chinese University, and soon gained a certain academic status. During the period of the Republic of the intelligentsia mostly has deep patriotism, besides teaching, Pan Guangdan often published various articles, these articles on many related affairs of state. To the political problem, based on these articles combing, we can clearly understand the political thought of Pan Guangdan
Pan Guangdan's political thought is very comprehensive and has a certain inherent logic. This article mainly examines the nationalities, equality, democracy and freedom of the people who are more concerned with.
In the national ideology, Pan Guangdan thought that the nation is a history culture of the community, but also the blood community, it also has the properties of these two aspects from the perspective of eugenics. He thinks, biological factors play a fundamental role in the nation, people on the national biological factors should not be ignored. The Chinese nation is not aging people although the Chinese nation has physical flexibility, lack of scientific minds, the four symptom of abnormal development of organization ability is weak and egoistic heart, but as long as the transformation method is appropriate, can realize national rejuvenation.
Pan Guangdan's thought of equality is relatively simple. The meaning of equality is more complex, including the equivalent average and justice. The complexity of the word "equality" meaning causing great confusion to people's thinking, Pan Guangdan's concept of equality is in people's understanding of equality, full of different circumstances. The Republic of China during the period, people generally think of equality as equal and average, therefore, Pan Guangdan is unhappy about this phenomenon. He used the biology and sociology of knowledge contained in the concept of equality and equal average of two means of criticism, which is contained in the concept of equality of justice, put forward by justice (Fair) concept instead of the concept of equality advocates.
Pan Guangdan is actually an egalitarian firmly opposed. Understand the egalitarian countries in an equal to, Pan Guangdan insists, is the theory of courage greatly. His idea of equality instead of concept to the concept of justice, although the equal view of some bias, but also can give us some useful the enlightenment. With the deepening of reform and opening-up, the income gap between Chinese is more and more big, social justice problems are becoming more and more serious, in order to avoid vague concept of equality to bring unnecessary trouble, we should use the concept of justice more is not necessarily an option worth considering.
Pan Guangdan's democratic thought also has individual characteristics. In the democratic theory of value, he believes that democracy is the guarantee of freedom and democracy is conducive to national health, promote the development of a nation. In the construction of democracy theory, he believes that education plays a decisive role, in addition, the family system and the function of social elite is not can be ignored. Chinese to establish a democratic political democracy can not ignore the factors of traditional thought, China established the democratic political system can not blindly imitate the Anglo American, can have their own creation.
As a liberal, free thought of Pan Guangdan is the external freedom system. His view of freedom not on the exclusion of external obstacles, but focus on eliminating inherent ability and rational lack of inner freedom. As a liberal, Western and fellow, pan light Dan determinism and historical progress on the same attitude to the rejection of history. The value of freedom theory, he thinks that freedom is the purpose of life, is conducive to the development and stability of society and realize personal value; free society inclusive, is conducive to all kinds of talent cultivation and development, so as to promote a national culture and social progress to achieve the. To establish a free, democratic politics, two to the development of education. Unfortunately, after the new China was established under the political and public pressure, Pan Guangdan had to give up his liberal stance.
The life of Pan Guangdan is deeply influenced by the influences of Western culture and civilization of the Everything is going smoothly., he always adhere to the objective and neutral position boasted loudly, bluntly criticized various thoughts, even publicly criticized the KMT. But in July 1946, Pan Guangdan suffered a major political pressure for the first time. The "Li Wen Massacre" in the month, Pan Guangdan et al. The assassination of Wen Yiduo that night, had to hide in the U.S. consulate in Kunming. With the Kuomintang assassination means to deal with the critics of the despicable behavior, the pan began to.1949 years in the mind, the national government defeat in China has been set, he finally chose to embrace the new China, and began to enter a new society. However, due to complex historical problems, Pan Guangdan in the intellectual reform movement and the anti rightist movement, impact, then, is to enter the history of the method.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K265

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