民国时期安徽水稻改良与推广

发布时间：2018-04-14 20:30

本文选题：安徽 + 民国　；参考：《安徽大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：水稻是主要粮食作物,在中国的栽种历史久远。而安徽地跨江淮,气候寒暖适中,雨量充沛,长江及其支流青弋江、水阳江和巢湖流域的平原地区,历来就是稻米的主产区,芜湖米市享誉盛名。民国初年,东南大学农科和中央农业试验所相继在安徽选育和推广改良江宁洋籼、中大帽子头、中农4号等优良品种。安徽省也根据省境气候、土宜及农产分布情形,设立稻作试验场,从事品种试验和培育,并与省内外农业院校开展农教合作,在芜湖等处设立了高农乡村改进示范区,推广中大帽子头良种。但是,由于农业行政机构和稻作改良机构频繁更迭,因此,在抗战播发前,我省水稻产量起伏不定,水稻改良推广总体成效不佳,但水稻育种试验实验,对帽子头稻的优良特性稻米改良与和地区适应性进行充分验证,为日后在省内大规模推广帽子头稻奠定了基础。抗战爆发后,水稻正常生产受到严重冲击,为此,安徽成立粮食增产团,制定以增加稻作耕作面积和提高单位面积产量为核心措施,以促进战时稻米生产与改良,通过大力推广中大帽子头良种和肥料改良等措施,水稻生产在整体上维持了增长势头,从而有力保证了战时稻米供应,为抗战胜利提供有利的物质保障。但由于经费匮乏和技术力量薄弱,严重制约了优良稻种推广力度,致使战时安徽水稻产量增张势头疲软乏力。抗战胜利后,安徽省水稻改良与推广面临极为复杂的形势,省农林局立足实际,制定了推广优良稻种、肥料改良和防治病虫害三位一体的水稻改良与推广计划。在优良稻种推广上,省农林局不仅加大了帽子头稻种推广力度,扩大了帽子头稻种在省内的种植面积,还引入和推广了中农四号、中农三十四号和胜利籼这三个新品种。在肥料改良和推广上,除了因地制宜积极推广绿肥和堆肥等有机肥外,省农林局还积极利用和指导推广中央下拨的化学肥料。在病虫害防治上,省农林局在大力推广人工捕杀灭虫基础上,审慎推广农药灭虫。这些措施使得,省内水稻生产在抗战胜利后的头两年内,迅速恢复,产量超过战前最高水平。但是,受制于组织和经费因素,水稻改良与推广无法进一步深入发展。全面内战的爆发后,我省稻米改良和推广进程被迫中断。总之,民国时期安徽水稻米改良和推广的整体效果不佳,未能建立起现代化的水稻生产体系。本文在以马克思主义唯物史观为指导,借鉴诺贝尔奖得主舒尔茨传统农业改造的经济学思想,以省图书馆所藏的包括稻米改良在内农林建设文献为主要突破口,以其他相关资料为参照,以要素流价格理论为视角,以政府作为新的有利生产要素供给者为切入点,借助计量史学的方法,全面评析其水稻改良与推广活动的绩效,从中,探究历史经验,对今天我省完善现代水稻生产体系的启示。
[Abstract]:Rice is the main food crop and has been planted in China for a long time.The plain areas of the Yangtze River and its tributaries, Qingyi River, Shuiyang River and Chaohu River basin, have always been the main rice producing areas, and Wuhu City is well known.In the early years of the Republic of China, the agricultural departments of Southeast University and the Central Agricultural experiment Institute have successively selected and popularized the improved varieties of Jiangning Yang indica rice, Zhongdaguotou and Zhongnong No. 4 in Anhui Province.Anhui Province has also set up a rice field for variety testing and cultivation in accordance with the provincial climate, soil suitability and distribution of agricultural products. It has also cooperated with agricultural colleges and universities in agriculture and has set up demonstration areas for the improvement of high-farm villages in Wuhu and other places.Promote medium and large hat head varieties.However, because of the frequent changes in agricultural administrative agencies and rice improvement institutions, the rice yield in our province fluctuated and the overall effect of rice improvement and extension was not good before the war of resistance against Japan, but the rice breeding experiment was carried out.The improvement and regional adaptability of Hat Tou Rice were fully verified, which laid a foundation for the large-scale popularization of Hat Tou Rice in the province in the future.After the outbreak of the War of Resistance against Japan, the normal production of rice was seriously affected. Therefore, Anhui set up a grain production regiment, formulated measures to increase the cultivation area of rice and increase the yield per unit area, in order to promote rice production and improvement in wartime.By means of popularizing the medium and large cap head improved varieties and fertilizer improvement, the rice production has maintained the overall growth momentum, thus has the strength to guarantee the wartime rice supply, and provides the favorable material guarantee for the victory of the War of Resistance against Japan.However, the lack of funds and weak technical force seriously restricted the extension of fine rice varieties, which resulted in weak and weak momentum of increasing rice yield in Anhui during wartime.After the victory of the War of Resistance against Japan, the improvement and popularization of rice in Anhui Province was faced with a very complicated situation. Based on the reality, the Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry of Anhui Province formulated a trinity plan for rice improvement and extension, which includes the promotion of fine rice varieties, fertilizer improvement and pest control.In terms of the extension of fine rice varieties, the provincial bureau of agriculture and forestry not only increased the extension of rice varieties with cap head, but also introduced and popularized three new varieties, Zhongnong 4, Zhongnong 34 and Shengli indica rice, which were planted in the province.In the field of fertilizer improvement and popularization, in addition to promoting organic fertilizers such as green manure and compost according to local conditions, the provincial bureau of agriculture and forestry has also actively used and directed the promotion of chemical fertilizers allocated by the central government.On the basis of popularizing artificial killing and insect control, provincial bureau of agriculture and forestry prudently popularized pesticide control.These measures enabled rice production in the province to recover rapidly in the first two years after the victory of the War of Resistance against Japan, with production exceeding its highest level before the war.However, limited by organization and funding factors, rice improvement and extension can not be further developed.After the outbreak of the total civil war, the process of rice improvement and extension in our province was interrupted.In a word, the whole effect of rice improvement and popularization in Anhui during the period of the Republic of China was not good, and the modern rice production system could not be established.Under the guidance of Marxist historical materialism, this paper draws lessons from the economic ideas of Nobel laureate Schultz's traditional agricultural transformation, and takes the literature on agricultural and forestry construction, including rice improvement, as the main breakthrough point of the provincial library.Taking other relevant materials as reference, taking the factor flow price theory as the angle of view, taking the government as the new favorable factor supplier as the breakthrough point, with the help of the method of econometric history, the paper comprehensively evaluates the performance of rice improvement and popularization activities, and from the view of the theory of factor flow price, takes the government as the new beneficial factor supplier.Explore the historical experience, to improve the modern rice production system in our province today enlightenment.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：S511;K258

【参考文献】