晚清洋务派的条约观初探

发布时间：2018-04-14 19:50

本文选题：晚清 + 洋务派　；参考：《湖南师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：中国进入近代是以鸦片战争的炮声为起点,以签订一系列不平等条约作为标志的。洋务派是在第二次鸦片战争以后、特别是在镇压太平天国运动的过程中逐渐形成、壮大的统治阶级内部的一个政治派别。作为当政者,洋务派在与西方列强交涉交往的过程中,逐渐形成了自己的条约意识、态度、观念和看法。他们的条约观并不是从一开始就清晰明了,而是经历了一个模糊到逐渐清晰的过程。由于阶级局限性及大的社会环境的影响,他们起初对于条约,认识不深,依然保留着传统“羁縻”色彩。他们希望西方国家能够遵守条约,以防止他们攫取更多的权益。但是,中方对于条约的忽视,是导致中外一系列摩擦和冲突的重要因素,这促使洋务派官员认识到自己守约的重要性。于是“恪守条约”成为了洋务派乃至清政府所奉行的方针。与此同时,洋务派对于条约作为国家间交往的法律形式、条约与国内法、和约与商约的关系等问题上,也加深了认识。随着国际法的输入,洋务派的国际法意识不断增强,并受国际法的影响,逐渐产生了国家主权观念。他们认识到中外条约的不平等性质及其所带来的危害,他们对不平等条约的相关条款,以及领事裁判权、片面最惠国待遇特权、片面协定关税特权等,都有前所未有的认识,这无疑是历史的进步。在这些认识的基础上,洋务派的“修约观”经历了由被动到主动的转变。他们开始作出努力,力图挽回一点国家权益,修改一些不平等条约和条款。洋务派“修约”思想的特点有三：他们主张以谈判协商的外交方式进行,他们认为应先自弱国小国开始修改,他们只是要求对其中个别条款进行修订。值得一提的是,洋务派在后期已经产生了“废约"思想的萌芽。以郭嵩焘、曾纪泽等为代表,他们逐渐提出要废除一些不公平、不平等的条款。尽管这还不是完全意义上的“废约思想”,但是是值得充分肯定的。当然,在肯定洋务派条约观念的同时,也应看到,他们的条约观已有着局限性和缺点的,例如理论上的不成熟、妥协性、落后性、不系统不全面等。洋务派的条约观足以给后人留下深刻的启示。
[Abstract]:China ' s entry into modern times is the starting point of the Opium War , which is marked by a series of unequal treaties . In the course of the Second Opium War , the Yankees have gradually formed their own treaty sense , attitude , concept and perception . They want the Western countries to abide by the treaties and to prevent them from seizing more rights . However , China ' s adherence to the Treaty is an important factor leading to a series of friction and conflicts between China and China .

With the input of international law , the sense of international law of the foreign parties has been strengthened , and the concept of State sovereignty has been gradually created under the influence of international law .

It is worth mentioning that the foreign affairs school has produced the sprout of the thought of " waste about " in the later stage . As the representative of Guo Songtao , Zeng Jiazawa and so on , they gradually put forward the clauses to abolish some unfair and unequal terms . Although this is not the " waste about thought " in the full sense , it is worth affirming .

Of course , while affirming the idea of foreign affairs , it should also be seen that their view of treaties has limitations and disadvantages , such as immaturity , appropriateness , backwardness and incomplete system .

【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D990;K252

【参考文献】