孙中山、蒋介石与民国保甲制度的复兴

发布时间：2018-04-24 16:42

本文选题：孙中山 + 蒋介石　；参考：《中国国家博物馆馆刊》2014年07期

【摘要】：民国保甲制度的复兴,既与孙中山地方自治思想的局限性有关,更与蒋介石对这种局限性的夸大和歪曲有关。孙中山关于地方自治的训政设计、认为中国民众"一盘散沙"以及重视传统社会乡村组织的作用,恰为蒋介石统制和训练民众、恢复保甲制度提供了解释的空间。然而,二者的地方自治思想有着本质差异。在理论基础方面,孙中山强调"主权在民",主张权利与义务的统一,而蒋介石更强调人民单方面应尽的义务;在实施主体上,孙中山强调以县为地方自治单位,体现中央与地方的分权,蒋介石则强调县以下基层乡村为自治单位,体现了国家对社会的控制;在推进方式上,孙中山主张用教育方式训练民众,逐步扩大民权,蒋介石更强调以军事化手段强化民众的服从意识;在借鉴中国古代传统时,孙中山主张融贯中西,探索适合中国实际的地方自治模式,而蒋介石借鉴中国古代保甲制度则是为了"剿共"的现实需要。
[Abstract]:The revival of Baojia system in the Republic of China is related not only to the limitation of Sun Zhongshan's thought of local autonomy, but also to the exaggeration and distortion of this limitation by Jiang Jieshi. Sun Zhongshan's design of local autonomy thought that the Chinese people's "scattered sand" and attached importance to the role of rural organizations in traditional society, precisely provided a space for Jiang Jieshi to control and train the people and restore the Baojia system. However, there is an essential difference between the two ideas of local autonomy. On the theoretical basis, Sun Zhongshan stressed that "sovereignty lies in the people," advocating the unity of rights and obligations, while Jiang Jieshi stressed the people's unilateral obligations. In terms of the main body of implementation, Sun Zhongshan emphasized that the county was the unit of local autonomy. Reflecting the separation of powers between the central and local governments, Jiang Jieshi stressed that the grass-roots villages below the county level were autonomous units, reflecting the state's control over society. In terms of the way of advancing, Sun Zhongshan advocated the training of the people by means of education and the gradual expansion of civil rights. Jiang Jieshi also stressed that militarization means should be used to strengthen the people's consciousness of servitude. When drawing lessons from the ancient Chinese tradition, Sun Zhongshan advocated the integration of China and the West and explored a model of local autonomy suitable for China's reality. Jiang Jieshi drew lessons from the ancient Chinese armour protection system for the purpose of suppressing the Communist Party.
【作者单位】：天津外国语大学思政部;
【基金】：笔者主持2013年天津外国语大学“十二五”科研规划思想政治工作专项项目《二十世纪长江中下游地区乡村权力结构变迁研究》(项目批准号:SZ13YB03) 2013年国家社科基金项目《抗战时期国家纪念日研究》(项目批准号:13CZS037)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：K25;D691

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