民国时期北京电车公司研究

发布时间：2018-04-29 12:22

本文选题：民国时期 + 北京　；参考：《河北大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：北京电车公司是官商合办的股份有限公司，不仅创办了北京的有轨电车事业，而且兼营公共汽车，是一家担负着北京公共交通的主要企业，在北京城市交通史上占有十分重要的地位。研究北京电车公司产生和发展变化的历史，有着重要的学术价值和现实意义，不仅能推进人们对社会转型时期北京公共交通问题的深入研究，而且有益于人们从城市交通的视角对民国时期的北京有进一步的认识，丰富北京地方史的研究内容。本文以民国时期北京电车公司为研究个案，重点研究北京的市政建设、北京电车公司的创办过程、发展变化、经营状况、职工生活状况和劳动条件、兼营公共汽车以及电车与人力车的矛盾等方面，探讨北京电车公司在北京城市公共交通近代化过程中的作用，并分析北京电车公司惨淡经营、缓慢发展的原因，从而透视出旧中国北京城市交通近代化的艰难历程。清末民初中国的市政建设远远落后于欧洲。随着民族资本主义的发展，作为首都的北京迈出了市政近代化的步伐。而京都市政公所进行的整修街道、开放公园等一系列市政建设为北京电车公司的创办提供了客观条件。近代北京人口激增。为解决交通困难问题，北洋政府成立了官商合办性质的北京电车股份有限公司。官商合办的性质，对北京电车公司的发展起了一定促进的作用。一方面，政府部门为北京电车公司提供了保护，在一定程度上减少了创建过程中的阻力。另一方面，招商集资，便于北京电车公司筹措资金，有利于企业的发展。但北京电车公司在创办过程中充满了艰辛。北京电车公司与各方周旋，克服了重重阻力，工程建筑才完竣通车。北京电车事业初具规模，处于逐步向前发展的阶段。北京电车公司先后经历了北洋政府统治时期、日伪统治和国民党统治时期，在不同的时期都发生了很大变化。北洋政府统治时期，由于股本不敷支出，便发行公司债，但从此背上了高额债款，埋下了危机的种子。国民党统治前期，管理机构发生了很大变化。国民政府不仅委派官股董事而且指定常务董事。日伪统治时期，日本强行接管了北京电车公司。日伪当局控制着北京电车公司董事会，把持了一切大权。日本还企图掠夺北京电车公司商股股权，但因遭到股东大会的反对而未果。抗战胜利后，国民党政府接管了北京电车公司，重新恢复了董事会制度，并对电车事业进行整顿。整顿措施虽略见成效，但电车事业的衰势已非国民党政府所能遏止。北京电车公司经营状况一直不振，亏损严重。票制、票价也随之多次发生变化。北京电车公司表面上是官商合办，但实际上是以官方为主，而实权操纵在法国人手中。由于北京电车公司机构庞大臃肿，运转不灵以及采用与企业的性质极不相称的人事配备，严重阻碍了电车这一公用事业的发展。北京电车公司在经营发展过程中，既有成功的经验，也有不尽人意的地方。如公司以“官利”的形式，鼓励投资，为防止弊端又加以变通。对军警办理公务，拟定优待办法，并赠送免费券。但由此导致的军人乘车概不购票现象非常严重，致使车路秩序混乱，事故频发，公司赔累不堪。北京电车公司是一家拥有千人以上的大企业，建立了职工退职养老金、抚恤金以及奖金等制度，并规定了各项福利制度。职工生活状况及劳动条件在不同的时期有所不同。但在日伪统治时期最为艰难，不仅工资低微而且工作时间长、劳动强度大，员工一旦积劳成疾便遭革弃。此外，工人经常遭到军警及日本人的殴辱，人身没有保障。由于生活艰难，工人为了增加工资以及维护自身安全进行了多次罢工斗争。北京电车公司为了弥补电车运力的不足，拟兼营公共汽车。但因政府批驳，以致兼营公共汽车的计划落空。北平市政府却自行创办公共汽车，并与北京电车公司展开了激烈的竞争，双方矛盾重重。日伪统治时期，在财政极端困难的情况下，北京电车公司被迫兼营公共汽车。抗战胜利后，北京电车公司与市营公共汽车矛盾再起，而北京汽车股份有限公司便是双方矛盾相互协调的产物。北京电车公司兼营公共汽车历时13年，跨越国民党统治前期、日伪统治及国民党统治后期三个历史时期。在此期间，枝节横生，，几经艰难曲折。北京电车自创办之日起就遭到了人力车夫的反对。随着人力车夫的生活日益艰难，电车与人力车之间的矛盾冲突愈演愈烈，最终爆发了轰动北京城的人力车夫砸毁电车风潮。人力车夫砸毁电车风潮的发生既有其深刻的政治原因也有其经济原因。北京城市近代化的重要标志之一是公共交通的近代化。北京电车公司在北京走向近代化的过程中起了促进作用，缓解了不断增长的人口与城市交通之间的矛盾，对北京的城市交通建设做出了贡献，加快了北京社会变迁的步伐。从北京电车公司创办与经营的发展变化过程中可以看出，中国城市近代化的历程是艰难曲折的。
[Abstract]:Beijing tram company is a Limited by Share Ltd which is organized by officials and businessmen. It has not only founded the tram business of Beijing, but also a bus. It is a major enterprise responsible for Beijing's public transportation. It occupies a very important position in the urban traffic history of Beijing. It is important to study the history of the production and development of the Beijing electric car company. The academic value and practical significance not only promote the in-depth study of the public transport problem in Beijing during the period of social transformation, but also benefit people from the perspective of urban traffic to have a further understanding of Beijing in the period of the Republic of China, and enrich the research content of the local history of Beijing.
Based on the case of Beijing tramcar in the period of the Republic of China, this paper focuses on the municipal construction of Beijing, the establishment process of Beijing tram company, the development and change, the operating condition, the living conditions and labor conditions of the staff and workers, and the contradiction between the bus and the tram and the rickshaw, and probes into the public traffic of the Beijing tram company in Beijing city. The role of the generation process, and the analysis of the cause of the slow development of Beijing tramcar company, and the difficult course of the modernization of urban traffic in Beijing of old China.
The municipal construction of China was far behind Europe in the early Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China. With the development of national capitalism, Beijing, as the capital, has taken the pace of municipal modernization. And a series of municipal construction, such as the renovation of the streets and the open parks, provided the objective conditions for the creation of the Beijing tram company.
In order to solve the problem of traffic difficulties in modern Beijing, in order to solve the problem of traffic difficulties, the Beiyang government established the Beijing tramcar Limited by Share Ltd with the nature of official business and business. The nature of the official business has played a certain role in the development of the Beijing tramcar company. On the one hand, the government has provided the protection for the Beijing tram company and reduced the creation to a certain extent. Resistance in the process, on the other hand, it is convenient for Beijing tram company to raise funds and facilitate the development of enterprises. But Beijing tram company is full of hardships in the process of founding. Beijing tram company has overcome heavy resistance with all sides, and the construction of the construction is completed. Beijing tramcar has begun to take shape and is progressively moving forward. The stage of the exhibition.
The Beijing tram company experienced the period of the government of Beiyang, the rule of the Japanese puppet government and the period of the Kuomintang rule, and changed greatly during the period of the Kuomintang rule. In the period of the rule of the Beiyang government, the company debt was issued because of the lack of capital expenditure, but the high amount of debt was on the back, and the seeds of the crisis were buried. Great changes have taken place. The national government not only appointed the directors but also appointed the standing directors. In the period of the Japanese puppet rule, Japan took over the Beijing tram company. The Japanese puppet authorities controlled the Beijing tramcar's board of directors and held all the power. Japan also attempted to plunder the Beijing tramcar shares, but was opposed by the shareholders' meeting. After the victory of the war of resistance, the Kuomintang government took over the Beijing tram company, resumed the board system and rectified the tram industry. Although the rectifying measures were a little effective, the decline of the tram business was not stopped by the Kuomintang government.
Beijing tram company has been running out of operation, the loss is serious, the ticket system and the ticket price have changed many times. The Beijing tramcar company is on the surface, but it is officially dominated by the official and manipulated in the hands of the French. As the Beijing tramcar company is huge and overstaffed, it is very incompatible with the nature of the enterprise. In the course of business development, Beijing tram company has both successful experience and unsatisfactory place. For example, the company encourages investment in the form of "official profit", in order to prevent the malpractice. However, the resulting passenger ticket purchase is very serious, resulting in chaotic traffic and frequent accidents.
Beijing tram company is a large enterprise with more than 1000 people. It has established retirement pension, pension and bonus system, and stipulates various welfare systems. The living conditions and labor conditions of the workers are different in different periods. But in the period of the Japanese puppet rule, it is the most difficult, not only the low wages but also the long working time. In addition, the workers are often dishonored by the military and the Japanese, and the people are not guaranteed. Because of the difficult life, the workers have fought many times to increase their wages and maintain their own safety.
The Beijing tram company, in order to make up for the shortage of tram transportation, intends to concurrently run a bus. But because of the government refutation, the plan to run a bus has fallen out. The government of the city of Beiping started its own bus, and had a fierce competition with the Beijing tramcar company. The two sides had a heavy contradiction. In the period of the Japanese puppet rule, in the extremely difficult financial situation, After the victory of the war of resistance against Japan, the Beijing tramcar company was forced to run the bus. The contradiction between Beijing tram company and the city battalion bus was repeated, and the Beijing automobile Limited by Share Ltd was the product of the contradiction and coordination between the two sides. The Beijing tram company took 13 years, spanning the early period of the Kuomintang rule, the Japanese puppet rule and the later three of the Kuomintang rule. A historical period. During this period, twists and turns were born.
Beijing tram has been opposed by the human rickshaw from the day of its founding. With the increasingly difficult life of the human rickshaw, the conflict between the tram and the human rickshaw became more and more intense, and the rickshaw rickshaw broke up with the Beijing city. The rickshaw rickshaw broke down the tram and had its profound political reasons. Economic reasons.
One of the important symbols of the modernization of Beijing city is the modernization of public transportation. The Beijing tram company has played a role in promoting the modernization of Beijing, alleviates the contradiction between the growing population and urban traffic, contributes to the urban traffic construction in Beijing, and accelerates the pace of the social change in Beijing. From Beijing electric power In the process of development and change of car companies, we can see that the process of modernization of Chinese cities is hard and tortuous.

【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K262.9;F572.89

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