南京国民政府社会调查研究

发布时间：2018-05-02 01:03

本文选题：南京国民政府 + 社会调查　；参考：《山东大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：近代中国政府社会调查肇始于清末新政时期,中经北京政府时期,至南京国民政府时期形成规模,并对中国近代化进程起到了推动作用。整体认知近代政府社会调查在社会变迁中的作用具有重要的学术价值和现实意义。本文考察的对象,主要是南京国民政府主持的社会调查,所依靠的资料主要包括当时政府各机关公布的调查报告、各省市政府出版的政府公报和市政公报、各省市建设厅出版的建设公报、政府各调查统计机构出版的调查统计刊物以及一些商业刊物,比如《银行周报》、《工商半月刊》等,此外还包括一些档案资料。整体研究与个案分析相结合、定量分析与定性研究相结合是本文的主要研究方法。文章首先对于南京国民政府社会调查进行了整体研究,然后选取了资源委员会、地质调查所作为个案进行考察,并且将山东省政府作为地方政府的典型进行分析,力求点面结合,全面展示南京政府社会调查的整体面貌；另外本文分别对南京国民政府、地质调查所和山东省政府的社会调查数量作了统计,并在此基础上作出进一步分析,力求反映南京国民政府时期社会调查的整体状况和特点。南京国民政府成立之后,出于建国的需要,对社会调查的重要性有着较为清醒的认识,由此促成了政府社会调查的大规模开展。就时间而言,1929年政府社会调查数量开始大幅上升,1935年骤然下降；就地域来讲,1937年之前全国各省区几乎均有调查,但多寡不一,调查大多集中在政治、经济、文化发达的省区,但是1937年之后情况发生了变化,调查向西部地区倾斜；就内容而言,政府社会调查内容丰富,涉及社会生活方方面面,其中经济调查数量最多,其次是社会调查。社会需求是政府调查勃兴的直接动因以及与社会行政、社会改良关系密切是南京政府社会调查的两大基本特点。其中,行政与社会调查的关系是最为根本的,政府青睐社会调查的最主要原因是要通过调查社会事实为其施政提供数字化的依据。社会调查与政府政策制定之间存在着因果关系,但有时由于条件所限,又会出现“因果不对称性”的特点。受历史条件所限,南京国民政府社会调查活动及结果不可避免地存在种种缺陷,但是不能因此抹杀其贡献尤其是不能否定其折射出的科学执政的现代理念。在个案分析方面中央主要选取了资源委员会和地质调查所这两个重要机构来透视南京国民政府社会调查与中国近代经济发展以及近代科学进步之间的关系。资源委员会是一个国防备战机构,也是系统地对中国进行基本国势调查的最为重要的政府机构。它的前身是国防设计委员会,在其成立之初就定位于国防建设的调查研究以及计划工作,尽管随着调查工作的完成以及国际形势的变化,其任务转向重工业建设,但不可否认的是,该会从事的调查工作为中国的工业发展以及国防备战奠定了坚实的基础。本文通过对资源委员会社会调查的总体分析,透视政府调查在中国社会经济发展中的作用,并通过资源委员会开展的中国第一次全国工业调查及句容县人口农业总调查来探讨该会在社会调查过程中具体运作方式、其中所凸显的机构以及制度的作用,并分析其优缺点,从而为真实地了解南京国民政府社会调查提供范本。地质调查所是中国近代科学发展史上一个重要机构,以丁文江、翁文灏为首的地质学奠基人在地质调查方面呕心沥血。本文依据有关资料,对于该所的地质调查数量进行了统计分析,以全面考察其整体的发展状况以及对于地球科学发展的影响,并且透过对丁文江、翁文灏等人毕生地质调查的实践来凸显地质调查在地质学发展中的巨大作用,从而进一步考察社会调查与中国近代科学进步的关系。在地方个案中,论文选取了山东省政府社会调查作为考察对象,以展示当时政府社会调查在地方的推行和开展情况。山东省政府社会调查并非颇具典型性,但是山东省政府自身具有典型性,尤其是在1930-1937年韩复榘主鲁时期。这一时期,山东省政府与南京国民党中央政府之间的关系极其微妙,军阀出身的韩复榘极力维护其独立王国的利益,在原则性问题上不惜与蒋介石分庭抗礼,但是在发展山东地方经济方面,两者的目标是一致的。社会调查作为政府开展各项事业的基础性工作此时也颇受青睐,这一方面是中国近代化发展趋势使然,另一方面也是深受南京中央政府的影响以及履行中央政府行政命令的结果。本文通过相关资料对于山东省政府社会调查数量进行了统计分析,重点考察了其调查类型、方式以及特征,并且通过邹平县人口调查来具体窥探社会调查的方法。值得注意的是,尽管从政治角度来讲,国民政府并非进步政治势力,山东省政府与南京中央政府存在一些矛盾,但是两者在科学执政方面的理念是一致的,在发展中国方面的步伐也是一致的,所以不能一味简单地否定国民党执政和地方军阀执政。判断一个政权的得失除考察其政治取向外,还应当看其是否有着利于社会经济发展的举措,并对这些举措进行分析。从总体上看,南京国民政府主持的社会调查是中国近代历史上规模最大、体系较为完备、影响深远的政府调查行为。它体现了科学执政的现代理念,为国民政府相关政策的制定提供了依据,在一定程度上推动了当时中国社会经济的发展以及科学的进步。
[Abstract]:The social investigation of modern Chinese government began in the period of the new deal in the late Qing Dynasty. During the period of the Beijing government and the period of the national government of Nanjing, it formed the scale and played an important role in the process of the modernization of China. The whole cognition of the role of modern government social investigation in social change has important academic value and practical significance.
The main object of this study is the social investigation conducted by the Nanjing national government, which mainly includes the investigation reports published by the government organs at that time, the government communiqu and the municipal communiqu published by various provinces and municipalities, the construction bulletin published by the provincial and provincial construction offices, and the survey and statistical publications published by the government investigation and statistical agencies, as well as a survey and statistical publication published by the government. Some commercial publications, such as "bank weekly", "industrial and commercial semi monthly" and so on, also include some archival materials.
The combination of the overall research and case analysis, the combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative research is the main research method of this article. First, the article has carried out a whole study on the social survey of Nanjing national government, and then selected the resources committee, the Geological Survey Institute as a case study, and the Shandong provincial government as a typical local government. On the basis of the analysis, we try to combine the point and surface to show the overall appearance of the social investigation of the Nanjing government. In addition, this paper makes a statistical analysis on the number of the social investigations of the Nanjing national government, the Geological Survey Institute and the Shandong provincial government, and makes a further analysis on this basis to reflect the overall situation of the social investigation in the period of the national government of Nanjing and to reflect the overall situation of the social investigation in Nanjing's national government. Point.
After the establishment of the national government of Nanjing, the importance of the social investigation was more sober in the need of the founding of the people's Republic of China, which contributed to the large-scale development of the government's social investigation.
As far as the time was concerned, the number of social surveys in the government began to rise sharply in 1929 and a sudden decline in 1935. As far as the region was concerned, almost all the provinces and regions throughout the country had been investigated before 1937, but the survey was mostly in the political, economic, and culturally developed provinces, but the situation had changed after 1937, and the investigation was inclined to the western region. In terms of content, the government's social surveys are rich in content, involving all aspects of social life, with the largest number of economic surveys, followed by social surveys.
The social demand is the direct cause of the prosperity of the government investigation and the two basic characteristics of the social investigation of the Nanjing government, which is closely related to social administration and social improvement. Among them, the relationship between the administrative and social investigation is the most fundamental. The main reason for the government to favor the social investigation is to provide the digitalization of its governance through the investigation of social facts. There is a causal relationship between social investigation and government policy making. However, sometimes due to the conditions, there will be "causal asymmetry".
Limited by historical conditions, the social investigation activities and results of the national government of Nanjing inevitably have various defects, but they can not therefore wipe out their contribution, especially the modern concept of scientific governance that can not be negated.
In the case analysis, the Central Committee mainly selected the two important institutions of the resource committee and the geological survey to examine the relationship between the social investigation of the Nanjing national government and the development of modern Chinese economy and the progress of modern science.
The resource committee is a national defense preparation agency and the most important government agency for the systematic survey of China's basic state. Its predecessor was the national defense Design Committee, which was located at the beginning of its establishment in the research and planning of national defense construction, despite the completion of the investigation and the changes in the international situation. The task turned to heavy industry construction, but it was undeniable that the investigation work laid a solid foundation for China's industrial development and national defense preparation. Through the overall analysis of the social investigation of the resource committee, this paper examines the role of the government investigation in China's social and economic development, and through the resources Commission of China The first national industrial survey and the general survey on population and agriculture in Jurong county to discuss the concrete operation mode of the society in the process of social investigation, the role of the institutions and institutions highlighted, and the analysis of their advantages and disadvantages, so as to provide a real understanding of the social investigation of the national government of Nanjing.
Geological survey is an important institution in the history of the development of modern science in China. The geoscience founder of Ding Wenjiang and Weng Weng led to the geological survey. Based on the relevant data, this paper makes a statistical analysis on the number of geological survey in order to comprehensively investigate the development of the whole and the development of the earth science. And through the practice of Ding Wenjiang and Weng Wen's lifetime geological survey, this paper highlights the great role of geological survey in the development of geology, so as to further investigate the relationship between social investigation and the progress of modern science in China.
In the local case, the paper selected the social survey of the Shandong provincial government as an investigation object to show the implementation and development of the social investigation in the government at that time. The social investigation of the Shandong provincial government is not quite typical, but the Shandong provincial government itself is typical, especially in the period of the 1930-1937 years of Han Fuju's main Lu. The relationship between the Shandong provincial government and the central government of the Kuomintang in Nanjing is extremely subtle. Han Fuju, the warlords' origin, maintains the interests of his only kingdom alone, and does not hesitate to fight with Jiang Jieshi on the issue of principle. However, in the development of Shandong's local economy, the goal of the two is to make the government carry out various undertakings. Basic work is also popular at this time. This is the trend of the development of China's modernization, on the other hand, it is also the result of the influence of the central government of Nanjing and the executive order of the central government. This paper makes a statistical analysis on the number of Shandong provincial government's social investigation through relevant information, and focuses on its investigation types. The way and the characteristics, and through the Zouping county population survey to spy on the method of social investigation. It is worth noting that, although from the political point of view, the national government is not a progressive political force, the Shandong provincial government and the central government of Nanjing have some contradictions, but both of them are consistent in the concept of scientific governance and in the development of China. The pace of the aspect is also consistent, so we can not simply deny the ruling of the Kuomintang and the ruling of the local warlords. To judge the gains and losses of a regime, in addition to examining its politics, it should also see whether it has a measure conducive to the development of the society and economy, and to analyze these measures.
In general, the social investigation conducted by the Nanjing national government is the largest, more complete and far-reaching government investigation in modern Chinese history. It embodies the modern concept of scientific governance, provides a basis for the formulation of relevant policies of the national government, and promotes the development of China's social and economic development at a certain degree. And the progress of science.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D693.79;K262.9

【参考文献】