清末民初与抗战时期晋西北地区农业生产对比研究

发布时间：2018-05-07 08:08

本文选题：晋西北地区 + 清末民初　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 晋西北地区属于黄土高原的一部分,此地区大部分为黄土沟壑地貌,山多田少,土地贫瘠。又因为其所处纬度较高,春、冬气候寒冷。在这种恶劣的自然环境下,当地农民普遍采用粗放的农业生产方式,农业生产出现了“低投入低产出”的局面。清末民初及抗战时期此地区的农业生产状况截然不同,分析研究导致这两个时期农业生产不同的原因对今天晋西北地区的农业发展有借鉴意义。本文主要分为两个部分。第一个部分阐述了清代及民国初期晋西北地区的农业生产状况。清及民国初年晋西北地区的农民根据当地自然环境的特点采取了粗放式的农业生产方式：种植莜麦、荞麦、大麦、稷、黍等耐寒耐旱的农作物；采取一年一熟的耕作制度。这种粗放的耕作方式导致了当地农业生产的落后,最主要的表现是粮食亩产量低下,很多农户无法靠农业生产维持生存而出外谋生。虽然清政府及阎锡山在山西当政时分别采取了一些发展农业的措施,但农业发展状况没有大的改观。第二个部分论述了晋西北抗日根据地的农业政策与农业生产状况。二十世纪三四十年代,日本的入侵使晋西北地区的农业遭到严重破坏,根据地的劳动力、畜力及农具极度缺乏,土地大量荒芜,农业生产水平急剧下降。在这种情况下,晋西北抗日民主政府响应党的号召,开展农业大生产运动。由于当时兵民战斗、生活最大的需求是粮食,抗日民主政府实施各种农业政策以提高粮食产量：通过调节各阶层的土地分配、组织劳动力、引进激励和竞争机制等方式调动起了人们生产的积极性。鼓励人们采取精耕细作的生产方式,如通过号召各级组织召开春耕会议,保证人们在春耕中的土地的使用权,保证春耕中种子、工具、牲畜等生产资料的供应等方式重视春耕运动；晋西北多干旱天气,传统时期,当地多“水利不修”,清末民初的水利公司并不适用大部分地区,晋西北抗日民主政府根据当地的条件组织、奖励人们兴修水利；农业生产工具及农业生产技术的落后与否是衡量农业生产的一个重要指标,为了推广农业生产技术,制定了农业科技政策并根据当地的实际情况制定了奖励科学发明及改进技术方面的法令或条例。抗日根据地人们的生产积极性被空前调动了起来,晋西北抗日根据地的农业生产方式暂时转向了精耕细作,农业生产的成果满足了战争中兵民的需要。对比清末民初与抗战时期晋西北地区农业生产的状况可以看出,传统时期粗放式的农业生产方式是农民根据当地的自然社会环境作出的选择,战争环境下政府的政策促使当地农业生产转向精耕细作只能适应战时需求,具有很强的战时色彩。解决今天晋西北地区农业生产落后的状况需要政府因地制宜的实施相关农业予以扶持。
[Abstract]:Northwest Shanxi is a part of the Loess Plateau, which is dominated by loess gully landforms, with few mountains and fields, and poor soil. Because of its high latitude, spring, winter climate is cold. In this kind of bad natural environment, the local farmers generally adopt extensive agricultural production mode, and the agricultural production appears the situation of "low input and low output". The situation of agricultural production in this area was very different between the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China and the period of Anti-Japanese War. The analysis and study of the reasons for the difference of agricultural production in these two periods can be used for reference in the agricultural development of northwest Shanxi today. This paper is divided into two parts. The first part expounds the agricultural production in the northwest of Shanxi in the Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China. In the early years of the Qing and the Republic of China, farmers in northwest Shanxi adopted extensive agricultural production methods according to the characteristics of the local natural environment: planting naked oats, buckwheat, barley, millet and other hardy and drought-tolerant crops; This extensive farming method leads to the backwardness of local agricultural production, the main manifestation of which is the low grain yield per mu, and many farmers can not make a living by agricultural production. Although the Qing government and Yan Xishan took some measures to develop agriculture in Shanxi respectively, the situation of agricultural development has not changed greatly. The second part discusses the agricultural policy and agricultural production in the anti-Japanese base area of northwest Shanxi. In the 1930s and 1940s, the Japanese invasion caused severe damage to agriculture in the northwest of Shanxi. The base area was extremely short of labor, livestock and farm tools, the land was desolate, and the level of agricultural production fell sharply. Under such circumstances, the anti-Japanese democratic government in northwest Shanxi responded to the call of the Party and launched a mass agricultural production movement. Because of the fighting between the soldiers and the people at that time, the greatest demand for food was food. The anti-Japanese democratic government implemented various agricultural policies to increase grain production: by regulating the distribution of land at all levels, it organized the labor force. Introduction of incentives and competition mechanisms and other ways to mobilize the enthusiasm of people's production. Encouraging people to adopt intensive and meticulous farming methods, such as by calling on all levels to organize spring ploughing conferences, to guarantee the right to use land in spring ploughing, and to guarantee seeds and tools in spring ploughing, The supply of livestock and other means of production has attached importance to the spring ploughing campaign. In the dry weather of northwest Shanxi, during the traditional period, many local water conservancy projects were not repaired, and water conservancy companies in the late Qing and early Republic of China did not apply to most areas. In accordance with local conditions, the anti-Japanese democratic government in the northwest of Shanxi Province organizes and rewards people to build water conservancy projects; the backwardness of agricultural production tools and agricultural production techniques is an important indicator of agricultural production. In order to promote agricultural production technology, Policies on agricultural science and technology have been formulated and laws or regulations on incentives for scientific invention and improvement of technology have been made according to local conditions. The production enthusiasm of the people in the anti-Japanese base area was aroused unprecedentedly, and the agricultural production mode of the anti-Japanese base area in northwest Shanxi turned to intensive cultivation for the time being, and the results of agricultural production met the needs of the soldiers and the people in the war. By comparing the agricultural production in northwest Shanxi during the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China and the Anti-Japanese War, we can see that the extensive agricultural production mode in the traditional period is a choice made by farmers according to the local natural and social environment. The policy of the government in the war environment urges the local agricultural production to turn to intensive cultivation, which can only adapt to the wartime demand and has a strong wartime color. To solve the backward situation of agricultural production in northwest Shanxi today, the government needs to support the relevant agriculture in accordance with local conditions.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K25;K265;F327

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