东南互保与晚清政局

发布时间：2018-05-09 06:00

本文选题：义和团 + 东南督抚　；参考：《中央民族大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 清前中期,中央高度集权,督抚对清廷常存畏惧,皇上的一纸诏书即可对其或杀或贬,如雍正时期的年羹尧功震西陲,后因诸种原因,雍正就下诏将他械送京师；再如道光时期的钦差大臣林则徐,虽有禁烟之功,但道光帝却一纸诏书将其谪贬新疆。太平军兴以后,督抚权势日炽,迨至晚清,清廷一兵一卒、一粮一糗皆仰仗督抚,清朝外重内轻的局面自此出现且积重难返。东南互保的实现,正是基于此种背景而成的。 19世纪末,帝国主义掀起瓜分中国的狂潮,民族危机空前严重。清朝统治集团内部也发生了较大的变动,并对义和团剿、抚政策摇摆不定,义和团得以勃兴并蓬勃发展。而此时的清廷恰处顽固守旧势力掌控之中,由于传统守旧观念的一致,他们与义和团发生了感应。慈禧、载漪等顽固派企图利用义和团,实现其废立阴谋。守旧士大夫阶层企图联合义和团,反对洋人、洋教和洋务,用封建主义来战胜资本主义。义和团运动兴起后,由于中外双方在交流上的误解：戊戌政变后,慈禧最关注的是维持垂帘听政地位,而此时的驻京公使团大多对中国都是门外汉,不愿也不屑了解中国政体和文化,却积极干涉朝政并做出一系列的错误判断和决定。造成慈禧太后不愿在义和团问题上与公使团合作。随着事态的发展,当外患大于内忧后,清廷对义和团抚而用之,向列国宣战。早在义和团运动兴起时,东南督抚就做过种种避战努力,但结果事与愿违,在清廷最终走向对外战争后,东南督抚见避战失败,便转而酝酿同列强实行“东南互保”。列强因相互牵制,出于保护自己在华尤其在长江流域利益的考虑,对东南督抚的互保建议,给予了热烈回应。经中外三次磋商,初步商定了《东南保护约款》。其后,山东、广东、广西、浙江、福建等省的督抚,也纷纷宣布加入互保行列,并分别制定了互保章程。互保最终虽然没有正式签字,显得无疾而终,实际上它的重要性并不在于签字与否,而在于它反映了中国的时局和督抚的心态：稳定东南,进而“延宗社,保两宫”。无疾而终的背后是铁的事实,而成效却有目共睹。互保是中外相互需要的产物,它的达成,既是南北政治经济分野背后,南方士绅努力的结果,也是东南督抚在驻外使节的帮助下,利用帝国主义之间的相互牵制而多次斡旋的产物。虽然在一定程度上,它维护了国家的主权,保障了江南地区的稳定,但它的出现也加剧了朝廷和地方的离心力,加速了清廷的衰落,便于帝国主义实行分而治之的侵略方针。庚子之乱后,为了缓和社会矛盾,巩固满族统治,清廷宣布实行新政。在新政改革的一系列措施中,重建中央武装力量的军事改革是重中之重。要顺利完成军事改革,就要筹措大量练兵经费,而要筹措军费,就要改变咸同以后外重内轻的政治格局,打破地方督抚尤其是东南督抚对本地区财政垄断的局面。1904年,清廷以江南制造总局迁移为契机,派铁良南下,完成了“划一营制”与筹措军饷的任务,打破了东南督抚对东南地区财权和军权的垄断,互保局面至此瓦解。然而,出乎清廷意料的是,铁良南下和中央集权化的最大受益者并非清廷,而是直隶总督袁世凯。随着袁世凯集团势力的扩展,袁世凯与满族亲贵的矛盾也日益激化。恰在此时,李鸿章、刘坤一、张之洞等人相继过世,清朝统治阶层中失去了一批可以对各种社会势力进行平衡并可以在满汉矛盾中起缓冲作用的人物。最终,满族亲贵与袁世凯的矛盾愈演愈烈,清廷采取措施削弱袁世凯的权势,导致袁世凯与清廷的决裂和清朝的覆亡。
[Abstract]:In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the central government was highly centralized, and the governor was often afraid of the Qing court, and the imperial edict could be killed or derogated by the emperor. For example, Yong Zheng, after all the reasons for the Yong Zheng period, sent him to the master of Beijing, and then, as the emperor Lin Zexu, the emperor of the Daoqing period, he was relegated to the imperial edict. After the prosperity of the Taiping army, after the prosperity of the Taiping army, the power of the governor was incandescent, the Qing Dynasty was in the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing court was a soldier and a soldier, and the grain and the dust were all up to the governor. The light situation in the Qing Dynasty appeared and difficult to return. The realization of mutual insurance in the southeast was based on this background.
At the end of the nineteenth Century, the imperialism set off the tide of dividing China, and the national crisis was unprecedentedly serious. There were also great changes within the ruling group in the Qing Dynasty, and the policy was swayed by the boxers. The boxer was flourishing and flourishing. At this time, the Qing court was in the control of the stubborn and conservative forces, and he was consistent with the traditional conservative ideas. The obstinacy of the boxers, such as Ci Xi and the boxer, attempted to use the boxers to achieve its conspiracy. The old scholar bureaucrats tried to unite the boxers, oppose the Westernization, the foreign religion and the Westernization, and overcome capitalism with feudalism.
After the rise of the Boxer Movement, the misunderstanding on communication between China and foreign countries: after the reform movement of 1898, Ci Xi was most concerned about maintaining the status of the government. At this time, most of the public ministers in Beijing were the outsiders, unwilling to understand the Chinese government and culture, but actively interfered in the government and made a series of wrong judgments and decisions. The Empress Dowager Cheng Cixi did not want to cooperate with the boxers. With the development of the situation, when the foreign patients were greater than the internal worries, the Qing government used it to the boxers and declared war on the countries.
As early as the rise of the Boxer Movement, the southeastern governor had done a variety of efforts to avoid war, but the result was contrary to one's wish. After the Qing Dynasty finally went to the foreign war, the southeast governor saw the failure of the war. The governor's mutual protection proposal gave a warm response. After three consultations at home and abroad, the southeastern protection contract was initially agreed. Then the governors of Shandong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian and other provinces were also announced to join the mutual insurance ranks, and the mutual insurance regulations were formulated respectively.
In fact, the importance of mutual insurance, though not formally signed, appears to be in the end. In fact, its importance is not the sign or not, but it reflects the state of China's current situation and the state of the state of the governor: the stability of the southeast, and then "the extension of the society, the two Palace".
Mutual insurance is a product of mutual needs between China and foreign countries. Its achievement is the result of the efforts of the southern gentry behind the political and economic division of the South and the south. It is also the result of the good offices of the southeast governor, with the help of the diplomatic envoy stationed abroad, and the mutual mediation between the imperialists. However, its emergence has intensified the centrifugal force of the court and local governments, accelerated the decline of the Qing court, and enabled imperialism to implement a policy of divide and rule.
After the boxer's rebellion, in order to ease social contradictions and consolidate the Manchu rule, the Qing government announced the implementation of a new deal. In a series of measures for the reform of the new government, the reconstruction of the military reform of the central armed forces is the most important. To rule the pattern and break the situation of local governors, especially the southeast governor to the local financial monopoly in.1904, the Qing government took the south of the Jiangnan manufacturing administration as a turning point, and completed the task of "one battalion" and the raising of the military pay, breaking the monopoly of the southeast governor on the financial power and the military power of the southeast region, and the situation of mutual insurance was disintegrated.
However, it was surprising that the greatest beneficiaries of the South and centralization of the central government were not the Qing court, but Yuan Shikai, the governor of Zhili. With the expansion of the Yuan Shikai group, the contradiction between Yuan Shikai and the Manchu family was becoming more and more intense. At this point, Li Hongzhang, Liu Kun, and Zhang Zhidong were lost in succession, and the ruling classes of the Qing Dynasty were lost. A number of people can balance the various social forces and can play a buffer role in the contradictions between the Manchu and Han Dynasties. Finally, the contradiction between the Manchu Family and Yuan Shikai is becoming more and more intense. The measures of the Qing government take measures to weaken the power of Yuan Shikai, which leads to the break up of Yuan Shikai and the Qing Dynasty and the death of the Qing Dynasty.

【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K256

【相似文献】