交通系与民初经济政策研究（1912-1916）

发布时间：2018-05-13 06:52

本文选题：旧交通系 + 民初北京政府　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：交通系崛起于清末,是北洋集团的重要组成部分。交通系的主要人物唐绍仪、梁士诒、周自齐、朱启钤、叶恭绰、詹天佑、吴鼎昌等在此时是以新型知识分子、专业技术官僚与精英的身份而登上历史舞台的,依靠密切的地缘、亲缘、业缘关系形成政治集团。他们追随袁世凯与徐世昌,以交通、外交领域为主要活动空间,积极赞襄北洋与东北新政,是新政的具体推行者与实践者,为早期现代化和北洋集团崛起起到巨大作用。在他们身上体现了求新、务实、敢为的作风,并体现了积极捍卫国家主权的思想。在辛亥革命中,他们倾向共和,为南北统一、颠覆帝制立下不朽的功劳。对推进铁路事业、金融业的发展起到了积极影响,并深远影响着民初的铁路事业和金融业的发展。民初袁世凯统治时期,交通系领袖活跃在经济各领域,对交通、财税、金融、币制、实业政策产生极大影响。在交通业方面,其经济政策主要倾向为国有化问题。如路政方面推行商办铁路国有、借债修路、崇官抑商政策,反映出交通系力主铁路事业必须由国家垄断经营；为促进国有铁路营运、管理、建设、财会制度的发展,则以统一路政、完善国有资产管理制度为手段。在电政方面则颁布有《电信条例》,明定国有原则,在管理上分设电政管理机构。在邮政上,设立电政管理区,废除驿站,打击民信局和客邮,厘定邮政司与帛黎之间的关系。航政方面则更激烈地表现为轮船招商局的官办与商办之争。这说明交通系民初交通四政政策带有鲜明的国家资本主义特色。从实际效果看,国家资本主义政策在交通领域对促进四政的发展、改观具有明显效果。特别是铁路、电信与邮政,在袁世凯统治时期其发展成就是不容抹杀的。在金融方面,交通系取得了对中交二行的控制权。在他们努力下,中交二行实际取得国家银行地位,形成复杂中央银行制度,享有发行兑换券、经理公债发行、代理国库等特权,为财政清理与统一奠定基础。但其政策中充满了金融与财政杂糅特点,发行公债与垫款即为突出表现。但相对于后者,前者对民初财政好转起到了一定积极影响,而后者不仅对中交二行的官办方向带来消极影响,而且以反对停兑为表现,促成二行向商办化转型。此外,中行归部直辖,中交合并风潮也是金融与财政政策杂糅的体现。同时交通系领袖还举办了新华储蓄银行垄断邮政储蓄业务。在交通系领导下,中交二行也积极发挥金融机构对民族工商业发展的挹注作用,特别体现在一战爆发后对缫丝业的支持；同时成立具有金融投资公司性质的通惠实业公司,抵制日本对汉冶萍公司的侵夺；积极参与上海银业公会这一新型金融组织的活动。在币制方面,梁士诒、周自齐、吴鼎昌等积极帮助袁世凯推行币制改革,作出了重要贡献。如整理各省滥币,筹划币制借款,推广袁头币,统一铸权,力主银本位制,设立平市官钱局等。币制改革为此后南京政府废两改元奠定了基础。在财政税收方面,周自齐、梁士诒等首先帮助袁世凯加强财政事权的高度集中,如实行中央专款制度,各省财政事权收归中央,出台各种考成条例等。在具体理财办法上,二人都反对举借外债,但迫于财政现状而不得已为之,但注意用途多元化,在举债时间、借款额、利息、附带条款等方面注意减少主权损失；进行官产清理,这一方面具有消极性,即保守的弥补财政目的,但也有促进垦荒,清理不良资产的积极作用；同时他们力主举办官业,对官矿业、官农业的扩大以及商业专卖制度形成起到重要影响；交通系领袖还积极整理旧税,特别是力主裁厘,整理田赋、牙税、当税等,体现出一定的进步性,并因此与保守派和袁世凯产生矛盾；他们注意制度创新,如举办预算,在会计、审计制度上革新,推行新税制,如印花税、营业税等。交通系的税制整理体现了扩充财政的主要目的,但也有便利商民、促进工商业发展的举措,适应财政、税收制度现代化的倾向。同时,周自齐、梁士诒还积极筹划关税谈判,特别是对常关税进行改革,并统一关税管辖权,其意义十分重大。周自齐、梁士诒与张弧还推行盐政改革,以统一盐政机关、整齐税率、施行商运、剔除耗斤、先税后盐、制造精盐、争取盐余为最有意义者。但也因此引起周学熙等人的强烈抵制。在实业政策上,周自齐、朱启钤、梁士诒等交通系人物的政策,涉及农、林、商、工、矿等各部门,不仅涉及领域广,而且涉及内容多为当时经济发展中的敏感、重大问题,如矿业管理、垦务、清丈、博览会举办、企业专办问题等等。在垦务、矿业、地质调查、农业改良、林业发展等方面的贡献是应予以特别肯定的。交通系经济政策具有财政本位、经济民族主义、发展国家资本主义、早期现代化倾向、专业技术化特征。在清王朝与南京政府之间,起到呈上其下作用,核心政策得到延续,具有体制、模式特征。但是交通系象清末以来许多致力于中国早期现代化的政治集团一样,在涉及财政与经济发展,国家与社会问题上,仍未能找到一个解决矛盾的方法,因此其政策充满了矛盾性,其自身也充满了矛盾性。特别是交通系将其经济政策的成败与否,财政经济政策推行目标的实现寄托在袁世凯这一政治强人身上,寄望于一个威权政府的建立,并将其经济、政治诉求,利益诉求与袁世凯的集权统治结合于一。这就决定了其经济政策中的良莠杂糅,新旧杂糅,也决定了交通系这一集团经济政策的根本属性与作用,决定了这一集团的最终命运和历史评价。
[Abstract]:The transportation department has risen in the late Qing Dynasty. It is an important part of the Beiyang Group. The main characters of the transportation department, Tang Shaoyi, Liang Shiyi, Zhou Ziqi, Zhu Qiqian, Ye Gong, Zhan Tianyou, Wu Dingchang, are at this time on the historical stage with the identity of new intellectuals, professional technocrats and elites, and depend on close geographical, kinship, and karmic relations. As a political group, they followed Yuan Shikai and Xu Shichang, with the main space of transportation and diplomacy, and actively praised the new deal in the north and the northeast. They were the concrete proponents and practitioners of the new deal. They played a great role in the early modernization and the rise of the Beiyang Group. In the revolution of 1911, they tended to the Republic, the reunification of the north and the South and the immortality of the monarchy, which had a positive impact on the development of the railway industry and the development of the financial industry, and had far-reaching influence on the development of the railway and the financial industry in the early days of the Republic.
During the reign of Yuan Shikai in the early days of the Republic of China, the leader of the transportation department was active in all areas of the economy, which had a great influence on the transportation, financial, financial, monetary, and industrial policies. In the transportation industry, its economic policy was mainly nationalized. The cause must be monopolized by the state. In order to promote the operation, management, construction, and the development of the system of the state owned railway, the system of management of the state assets should be unified by the unified road administration and the means of improving the management system of the state-owned assets. In the field of electricity, the Telecommunications Regulations are promulgated, the state principle is set out, and the administrative administrative organs are set up in the management. The electric administration area is set up in the post and the abolition of the administrative administrative area is abolished. The post station, the blow up of the post office and the guest post, and the relationship between the postal department and the faux. The aviation administration is more intensely represented by the dispute between the office and the business of the ship merchants. This shows that the traffic four policy has a distinctive national capitalist characteristic. From the actual effect, the national capitalist policy is promoted in the field of transportation. The development of the four administration has made remarkable progress, especially in railways, telecommunications and postal services. During the period of Yuan Shikai administration, the achievements of development were not allowed to be obliterated.
On the financial side, the Department of transportation has obtained the control of the two banks of the Central Bank of China. Under their efforts, the two banks of the China diplomatic exchange have actually obtained the status of the National Bank, formed a complex central bank system, and enjoyed the issuing of exchange vouchers, the issuance of managers' bonds, the agency of the Treasury and other privileges, which laid the foundation for the liquidation and unification of the finance, but the policy was full of financial and financial miscellaneous. In addition to the latter, the former has a positive influence on the financial improvement in the early Republic of China, and the latter not only has negative influence on the official direction of the two bank of China, but also against the stop as the performance, and promotes the transformation of the two lines to the business. At the same time, the leaders of the transportation department also held the monopoly of the postal savings bank of the Xinhua savings bank. Under the leadership of the transportation department, the two bank of China also played an active role in the development of the national industry and commerce, especially in the support of the silk reeling industry after the outbreak of the first World War, and the establishment of financial investment. Tonghui Industrial Company of the nature of the company resisted Japan's invasion of Han Yin Ping company and actively participated in the activities of the new financial organization of Shanghai Silver Industry Association. In the currency system, Liang Shiyi, Zhou Ziqi and Wu Dingchang actively helped Yuan Shikai to carry out the reform of the currency system. The yuan yuan currency has unified foundry power, which is aimed at the silver standard system, and set up Ping Shi Guan Qian Bureau. The currency reform has laid the foundation for the Nanjing government to abolish two yuan.
In terms of fiscal and taxation, Zhou Ziqi and Liang Shiyi first helped Yuan Shikai to strengthen the high concentration of financial power, such as the implementation of the central fund system, the government's financial power to return to the Central Committee and the introduction of various regulations. In the specific financial management, two people were opposed to borrowing foreign debts, but they were not allowed to do so, but they were more aware of the use of the financial situation. We should pay attention to reducing the loss of sovereignty in the aspects of borrowing time, loan amount, interest and incidental clauses, etc., to clean up the official production, which is negative, that is, to make up for the financial purpose conservatively, but also to promote the reclamation and clean up the bad assets; at the same time, they hold the official business, the enlargement of official mining, official agriculture and commerce. The monopoly system has played an important role in the formation of the system. The leaders of the transportation department also actively organize the old tax, especially the power to make the discrepancy, the land tax, the tooth tax, and the tax and so on, which reflect certain progressiveness, and therefore have a contradiction with the Conservatives and Yuan Shikai; they pay attention to the innovation of the system, such as the pre calculation, the innovation of the accounting, the auditing system, and the implementation of the new tax system, such as printing, such as printing. The taxation, business tax, and so on. The tax arrangement of the transportation department embodies the main purpose of expanding the finance, but also has the advantages of facilitating the business and the people, promoting the industrial and commercial development, the tendency to adapt to the modernization of the finance and the tax system. At the same time, Zhou Ziqi, Liang Shiyi also actively plans the tariff negotiations, especially the reform of the ordinary tariff, and the unification of the tariff jurisdiction. Zhou Ziqi, Liang Shiyi and Zhang arc also carried out the reform of salt administration, in order to unify the salt government organs, tidy tax rate, carry out commercial transportation, remove the Jin, first tax and after salt, make salt, and strive for salt surplus as the most meaningful. But it also caused a strong resistance of Zhou Xuexi and others.
In the industrial policy, the policy of transportation figures such as Zhou Ziqi, Zhu Qiqian and Liang Shiyi, involving agriculture, forestry, business, industry and mining departments, not only involves a wide range of fields, but also involves more sensitive and important issues in the economic development of the time, such as mining management, reclamation, the exposition, the fair, and so on. In reclamation, mining, geology, etc. The contribution of investigation, agricultural improvement and forestry development should be particularly affirmed.
The economic policy of the transportation department has the financial standard, the economic nationalism, the development of the state capitalism, the early modernization tendency and the specialized technical characteristics. Between the Qing Dynasty and the Nanjing government, it plays a role, the core policy is continued, the system has the characteristics of the model. But the transportation department has been devoted to the early China since the end of the Qing Dynasty. As a representative of the political group, it is still unable to find a solution to the contradiction in the financial and economic development and the national and social issues. Therefore, its policy is full of contradictions and is full of contradictions. Especially, the realization of the goal of the implementation of the fiscal and economic policy in the transportation department is the success or failure of the economic policy. As a political strong man, Kay is looking at the establishment of a authoritarian government and combining its economy, political appeal and interest demands with Yuan Shikai's centralized rule. This determines the mixture of the good and the bad in its economic policy, the new and old mix, and the fundamental attribute and function of the economic policy of the transportation department, which determines the group. The final fate and historical evaluation.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K258;F512.9

【参考文献】