晚清近支宗室过继研究

发布时间：2018-05-13 13:29

本文选题：晚清 + 近支宗室　；参考：《河北师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：过继制度的创设是为应对宗族内可能出现的子嗣缺失,保障宗族财产在族内传承,维护宗族内团结与稳定,避免宗族因内耗而衰落。按照规定,成年男子无子时应从族内其他支派过继子嗣以延续祭祀、血缘、社会地位。中国历史上各朝代均对过继立法十分重视,直到今天,有些地区在没有男性后裔时,仍然选择以过继子嗣的方式延续血脉。中国传统社会以“家天下”为基本模式,宗室作为与皇帝血缘最为亲近之人,日常活动受政治因素影响较大。宗室成员在过继子嗣时往往受政治因素的干扰不能完全按照官方颁布的通行天下之律条进行;宗室虽然特殊,但其本质仍为宗族,在过继继承时,仍然会受到宗族因素的影响与制约。清代自咸丰帝第二子悯郡王降生后再无皇子诞生,皇子的缺失使得同治帝驾崩后,皇位传承不得不依靠过继才能顺利进行;而发生在光绪二十五年的“己亥建储”同样是由于皇子的缺失而导致。由于皇位继承的特殊性,加之对慈禧太后的评价历来不高,使得这三次关于帝位的立嗣事件往往被赋予政治含义。不可否认,帝系的传承政治因素起到极大的作用,但通过对三次立嗣进行考察就会发现,虽然这三次立嗣或多或少存在皇太后的私心,但并未有明显的违背清代立嗣习惯及律条的情况发生,皇太后所作出的立嗣决定是符合清代立嗣惯例的。由于晚清皇位依靠过继产生,不可避免的会导致“子君父臣”现象的出现。“子君父臣”造成“君权”与“父权”相互矛盾。从晚清对两次“子君父臣”情况的实际处理及安排来看,清王朝选择以“父子关系”优先于“君臣关系”,即通过提高皇帝“本生父”的爵位、俸禄并给与皇帝“本生父”一些礼仪上的特权,以达到维护皇帝“本生父”的目的。但是,为限制皇帝“本生父”利用其特殊的身份谋取政治权力,威胁帝系的统绪,清代并不会将皇帝“本生父”尊为皇帝,这就避免了明代“大礼议”在清代再次发生,维系了清代皇位的统绪及皇太后的地位。与帝系子嗣缺失类似,近支宗室各支派同样子嗣并不繁盛。晚清以嘉庆帝后裔为近支宗室,近支宗室绵字辈绝嗣两人,奕字辈绝嗣六人,载字辈绝嗣四人,加之清代大量子嗣夭折,使得近支宗室过继子嗣的方式较为多源。以皇子出继亲王为嗣之人,晚清只有道光帝第五子奕姶一人。奕姶出继其叔绵恺为嗣后,在宗法关系中已不属于道光帝之子,但在奕姶生前,其本人无论是在爵位、诸王位次、礼制、俸禄等方面均与道光帝诸子无异,奕?、奕媈仍以亲兄待之。但奕姶薨逝后其子嗣并未按照亲王之子对待,通过对奕姶诸子爵位、礼制等方面的探究,与郡王之子待遇更为接近,而与亲王之子差距较大。故出继皇子本身并不会被区别对待,但在其身后,其支派的待遇将以出继后的身份进行修正。由于清代将宗室划分为远支与近支,在正常情况下,远支宗室与近支宗室间并不相互过继,由于晚清近支宗室各支派子嗣稀薄,为延续宗族血脉,不得不从远支宗室过继。晚清共有载治、载泽、载沛、载澍、溥佶等多人从远支宗室入继近支宗室。其支派在入继后在爵位、取名等方面与近支宗室无异,但在皇位继承、封王等问题上限制较大。总的来看,晚清近支宗室内各次过继的实例并未见明显违背清代宗室的过继习惯,也未见明显违背通行全国的《大清律》中对过继的规定。由此可见,宗室过继虽然会因政治因素的影响而与民间不同,但宗族因素同样对宗室过继起到重要的限制作用。
[Abstract]:The creation of the adoptive system is to deal with the possibility of missing children in the clan, safeguard the inheritance of the clan property in the family, maintain the unity and stability of the clan, and avoid the decline of the clan's internal consumption. According to the regulations, the adult men should follow the other branches of the family to continue the sacrifice, blood and social status. To this day, some areas still choose to continue their blood without male descendants. The traditional Chinese society is based on the "family world" as the basic model, the patriarchal clan is the most close to the emperor's blood, and the daily activities are greatly influenced by political factors. The interference of the political factors could not be carried out completely according to the official law of the world, which was promulgated by the government. Although the clan was special, the nature of the clan was still a clan. In succession, it was still affected and restricted by the clan factors. In the Qing Dynasty, after the birth of the emperor of the second sons of Xianfeng emperor, no royal son was born again, the absence of the emperor made the emperor of the same rule collapse. After that, the inheritance of the throne had to be carried out successfully, and the twenty-five years of Guangxu's "construction and storage of China" was also caused by the absence of the emperor. As a result of the particularity of the succession of the throne, the evaluation of the Empress Dowager of Ci Xi was always not high, so the three cases of the erect of the throne were often given political meaning. Denying that the political factors of the inheritance of the emperor had played a great role, but through the investigation of the three heirs, it would be found that although the three erect heirs were more or less private in the empress, there was no obvious violation of the customs and laws of the Qing Dynasty, and the decision of the heir made by the Empress Dowager was in conformity with the practice of the Qing Dynasty. Due to the succession of the throne in the late Qing Dynasty, it inevitably leads to the emergence of the "son monarch and the minister" phenomenon. "Zi Jun father and the minister" caused the contradiction between "monarchy" and "patriarchy". From the actual treatment and arrangement of the two "father and Minister of Zi Jun" in the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty chose to give priority to "the relationship between the gentleman and the son" by the "father son relationship", that is, By raising the title of the emperor "Ben father", salary and giving the emperor "Ben father" some privileges of etiquette in order to safeguard the emperor's "born father", but to restrict the Emperor 's "Ben father" to use his special identity to seek political power and threaten the emperor's system, the Qing Dynasty would not respect the emperor "the original father". The emperor, which avoided the reoccurrence of the "great courtesy" of the Ming Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty, maintained the position of the emperor in the Qing Dynasty and the status of the emperor in the Qing Dynasty. Similar to the absence of the emperor's descendants, the descendants of the descendants of Jia Qingdi were not prosperous. The four people, and the death of a large number of children in the Qing Dynasty, made the descendants of the descendants of the near branch more source. In the late Qing Dynasty, there were only fifth sons of Daoguang emperor. The king's son is not treated by the son of the prince, and the son of the prince is much closer to the son of the prince and is far apart from the son of the prince. It was treated differently, but behind it, the treatment of its branches would be amended with a subsequent identity. As the Qing Dynasty divided the clan into a long and near branch, under normal circumstances, the far branch and the near branch did not follow each other. Because of the thin and thin descendants of the branches of the near branch of the late Qing Dynasty, they had to be adoptive from the distant clans. In the late Qing Dynasty, many people from the far supported clan entered the near branch house, such as Zai Zai, Shi Pei, Zai Shu, Pu Shu, and so on. The adoptive habit has not seen any obvious violation of the rule of adoptive in the law of the Great Qing Dynasty. This shows that the succession of the patriarchal clan is different from the folk, although it will be influenced by the political factors, but the clan factor also plays an important role in the restriction of the clan.

【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K252;K820.9

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