清末民初的湖南学术思想转型

发布时间：2018-05-15 07:15

本文选题：湖南 + 学术思想　；参考：《湘潭大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：清末民初是一个整体转型的时代，不惟政治、经济、社会都在这一时期逐渐实现了近代的转型，学术思想依然。清代湖南的学术以经学为中坚，但发展到清朝末期，作为官方哲学的理学虽在曾国藩等人的大力弘扬之下曾有过回光返照的短暂灿烂，但亦难挽颓势；古文经学领域虽有王先谦、叶德辉等人在支撑局面，但也渐归衰落；今文经学打着孔子的旗号兴托古改制之风在清末湖南可谓盛极一时，但亦最终归于尘土。作为传统学术主体的经学逐渐被欧风美雨刮得零落不堪，不得不让位于西学这一在当时代表先进生产力的外来文化，向西方学习自然而然的便成为那个时代的主题。向西方学习，然何者该扬，何者该弃，中、西该以何种比例结合？这是一个长期困扰中国学界的问题。清末民初的湖南学术就是在这种“全盘西化”、“文化本位”和“文化折衷”的争论中，半知半觉地实现了它的近代转型。学术转型的一面是传统学术的衰落，而另一面则是具有现代意义的学术兴起。转型时期的湖南的学术逐渐实现了从传统的“四部之学”到“七科之学”的学科分类方法的转变。在此基础之上，湘籍学人的学术研究和学术思想亦有了新的变化。这具体表现为哲学的近代更新、史学的初步转型、公法律例学的兴起、近代伦理学的研究和教育学领域的新建树等。由于湖南人素具强烈的担当精神、敢为人先的开拓精神和心忧天下的爱国精神，因此在面对山河破碎、民生凋零的状况，他们挺身而出，立志改良人心风俗，变革社会政治，以此来寻求一条救国救民的道路。所以在改革方面，他们首先关注的是社会政治领域，而表现在学术的研究上，则是对于西方法律政治社会学说关注较多，而对于自然学科的关注则相对较少。因此，近代湖南史上少有研究自然科学的学者。也正是因为湖南人敢为人先、勇于担当的精神使得近代湖南多政治活动家和实践家，而少纯粹意义上的学者。学术研究与政治活动紧密结合，这也是转型时期湖南学术的一个显著特点。这一方面有利于推动学术和政治都向着一个新的方向发展，但另一方面也因这种学术研究的强烈政治意图使得它自身的独立性受到一定的挤压，反过来不利于真正意义上的现代学术的建立。因此，虽然清末民初的湖南学术思想实现了传统学术的近代转变，，但由于时代的限制、学者自身因素等种种原因，这一时期的湖南学术思想还只是实现了一个初步的转型，思想和学说仍不成熟。当然，用发展的眼光来看，这也是学术思想生发过程中难免存在的问题。所以，不可忽视清末民初湖南学术思想转型的对于沟通传统学术与现代学术的意义。它是学术发展史上不可或缺的一环，对于目前处于深度转型时期的中国有一定的借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:The late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China were an era of overall transformation, not only in politics, economy, and society, but also in modern times. In the Qing Dynasty, the scholars of Hunan took Confucian classics as the backbone, but at the end of Qing Dynasty, although Neo-Confucianism, as the official philosophy, was carried forward by Zeng Guofan and others, there was a brief and brilliant reflection, but it was also difficult to bring down the trend of decline. Although Wang Xianqian, Ye Dehui and others are supporting the situation in the field of ancient literature and classics, they are also gradually returning to decline. The style of reform of the ancient system in Hunan in the late Qing Dynasty was very popular in the late Qing Dynasty, but it was finally returned to dust. As a traditional academic subject, the Confucian classics was gradually blown to pieces by the European wind and rain, and had to give way to the western culture, which represented the advanced productive forces at that time, and learning from the West naturally became the theme of that era. Learn from the West, but what should be promoted, which should be abandoned, in what proportion, the West should be combined? This is a long-term problem puzzling the Chinese academic circles. In the debate of "total westernization", "cultural standard" and "cultural compromise", Hunan academic in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China realized its modern transformation with half knowledge and half awareness. One side of academic transformation is the decline of traditional learning, while the other is the rise of academic with modern significance. In the period of transition, the academic of Hunan gradually realized the change from the traditional study of four parts to the study of seven branches of science. On this basis, the academic research and academic thought of Hunan scholars also have new changes. This is embodied in the modern renewal of philosophy, the initial transformation of historiography, the rise of public law and case studies, the study of modern ethics and the establishment of new trees in the field of pedagogy. Because of the strong spirit of responsibility, the pioneering spirit and the patriotic spirit of worrying about the world, the Huannan people stood up in the face of the broken mountains and rivers and the people's livelihood, determined to improve the customs of the people and transform the society and politics. In this way to find a way to save the nation and save the people. Therefore, in the aspect of reform, their first concern is the social and political field, and the academic research shows that they pay more attention to the western theory of legal political sociology, but less to the natural discipline. Therefore, there are few scholars studying natural science in modern Hunan history. It is precisely because of the courage of the Hunan people to be the first, the spirit of modern Hunan political activists and practitioners, but less pure scholars. The close combination of academic research and political activities is also a remarkable characteristic of Hunan academic in the transitional period. On the one hand, this is conducive to promoting academic and political development in a new direction, but on the other hand, because of the strong political intention of this kind of academic research, its own independence has been squeezed to a certain extent. In turn, it is not conducive to the establishment of modern learning in the true sense. Therefore, although the Hunan academic thought in late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China realized the modern transformation of traditional academic thought, due to the limitation of the times and the factors of scholars themselves, the Hunan academic thought of this period has only realized a preliminary transformation. Ideas and doctrines are still immature. Of course, from the point of view of development, this is also an inevitable problem in the process of academic thought. Therefore, the transformation of Hunan's academic thought in late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China should not be ignored. It is an indispensable link in the history of academic development.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K252

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