南京国民政府时期的征地制度及运行研究

发布时间：2018-05-16 03:19

本文选题：南京国民政府 + 征地制度　；参考：《华中师范大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：征地制度的三大要件是：公共利益目的、公正的执行程序、合理的地价补偿。本文以这三个要件的形成和实践为线索进行分析中国征地制度及运行情况。近代中国的征地制度是在欧洲、日本等国家的征地制度和土地改革潮流下,由中国社会改革家和学者共同推引和借鉴形成的,其形成目的主要是完成中国的土地改革和满足公共建设用地。19世纪末20世纪初,欧洲国家的征地制度基本形成,并在城市现代化建设和以土地制度转型为基础的经济体制改革中发挥了巨大的作用。作为世界潮流一部分的中国自然也选择了此项制度。这个选择过程既是中国自身发展的逻辑,也是为政者有意识选择的结果,并对南京国民政府的土地改革产生重要影响。本文力图从当时世界土地制度变革的大背景出发,通过分析孙中山的平均地权与征地制度的关系,各界对孙中山平均地权理论的认识,探讨征地制度的形成特点,并进一步分析征地制度运行的社会环境。征地制度是政府为实现土地制度转型、经济现代化建设、法制现代化转型选择的一种方式。因此,在征地制度设计中,这三个方面又是相互融合的,现代化法制体系的构建是土地制度转型和经济现代化建设的变现形式和执行方法。实现“平均地权”和“耕者有其田”是南京国民政府解决土地问题的奋斗目标。按照孙中山设计的实现“平均地权”路径,南京国民政府在民法物权法中确定了土地产权私有的原则,并在土地法规和土地政策中形成了征地制度。但实际上,征地法规的出台,最先解决的是城市土地问题,而在解决农村土地问题上却鲜有使用。征地制度的执行虽然在当时交通和公共基础设施建设方面发挥了重要作用,但是因其执行过程中的问题,即便是在征收土地非常多的城市,其所发挥的作用也是有限的。近代中国现代化转型的主要取向就是制度化,即通过法治化和规范化的过程使中国传统的制度与世界发展潮流接轨,但并不是每一项制度的形成都能达到预期的目的。为了使土地改革顺利进行,国民政府组织了强大的专业智囊团,为其提供理论和实践研究。然而这一学术团队的分歧和争论却成为土地改革实施的障碍。从征地制度的形成过程来看,征地制度中无论是对私权利还是对公权力的规定都比较完备,但再关照征地制度的运行,几乎是与其法律规定脱节,不仅没有将土地所有权制度改革进行到底,而且还在征地过程中侵害民众利益。其中既有国民政府缺乏强大的财政实力支持征地制度的运行,也与南京国民政府在政治制度构建时中央政府对地方控制力不足有密切关系。本文虽然研究征地制度,但是却将其放置于南京国民政府整个社会、政治、经济转型的大背景下,希望厘清征地制度运行及产生的效应,弄清制约制度变迁的重要因素,为今天的征地制度改革提供一些借鉴经验。
[Abstract]:The three elements of land expropriation system are: public interest purpose, fair execution procedure and reasonable land price compensation. Based on the formation and practice of these three elements, this paper analyzes the land expropriation system and its operation in China. The land expropriation system in modern China was formed by Chinese social reformers and scholars under the trend of land expropriation and land reform in Europe, Japan and other countries. The purpose of its formation is mainly to complete the land reform in China and to meet the needs of public construction land. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the land expropriation system of European countries was basically formed. It has played a great role in the urban modernization construction and the economic system reform based on the transformation of land system. As part of the world trend, China naturally chose this system. This selection process is not only the logic of China's own development, but also the result of conscious choice for the politicians, and has an important impact on the land reform of the Nanjing National Government. Based on the background of the reform of the world land system at that time, this paper tries to analyze the relationship between the average land ownership of Sun Zhongshan and the land expropriation system, and to discuss the forming characteristics of the land expropriation system through the understanding of the theory of the average land right of the Sun Zhongshan from all walks of life. And further analysis of land expropriation system operation of the social environment. Land expropriation system is a way chosen by the government to realize the transformation of land system, economic modernization and legal modernization. Therefore, in the design of land expropriation system, these three aspects are mutually integrated, and the construction of modern legal system is the realization form and execution method of land system transformation and economic modernization construction. The goal of Nanjing National Government to solve the land problem is to realize the "average land rights" and "the tillers have their fields". According to the path of "average land ownership" designed by Sun Zhongshan, the Nanjing National Government established the principle of private ownership of land property right in the civil law of property rights, and formed the land expropriation system in the land laws and regulations and land policies. But in fact, land expropriation law is the first to solve the problem of urban land, but it is rarely used to solve the problem of rural land. Although the implementation of land expropriation system played an important role in traffic and public infrastructure construction at that time, it played a limited role because of the problems in its implementation process, even in cities with a very large land expropriation. The main orientation of modern China's modernization transformation is institutionalization, that is, through the process of rule by law and standardization, the traditional system of China is in line with the world trend of development, but not every institution can achieve the desired purpose. In order to carry out the land reform smoothly, the National Government organized a powerful professional think-tank to provide theoretical and practical research. However, the division and debate of this academic team has become an obstacle to the implementation of land reform. According to the forming process of land expropriation system, both the private right and the public power in the land expropriation system are relatively complete, but the operation of the land expropriation system is almost out of step with its legal provisions. Not only did not carry out the reform of land ownership system to the end, but also infringed the interests of the people in the process of land expropriation. Both the national government lacks the strong financial strength to support the operation of the land expropriation system, and it is closely related to the lack of local control by the central government when the political system is constructed by the Nanjing National Government. Although this paper studies the land expropriation system, it is placed in the background of the whole social, political and economic transformation of the Nanjing National Government, hoping to clarify the operation and effect of the land expropriation system and the important factors restricting the institutional change. For today's land expropriation system reform to provide some experience.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K262.9

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