清末新政与中国早期城市化研究

发布时间：2018-05-16 12:54

本文选题：清末新政 + 早期城市化　；参考：《山东师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 鸦片战争前,中国的城市处于传统社会的笼罩下,虽然明清已经出现了少数工商业城市,且在江南少数城市中出现了资本主义萌芽,然而中国的城市化进程却并未起步。中国城市化的起步是与中国近代社会一起启动的。鸦片战争后,中国进入了近代社会,中国的现代化却并未开始,城市化在西方列强不断扩大的商业贸易中开始起步,商业成为这一时期中国城市化的动力。第二次鸦片战争后,中国的现代化开始起步,随着租界的建立和不断扩大,西方的市政文明涌入中国,洋务运动的开展和列强在中国不断扩大的投资推动了城市化进程。到甲午战后,中国出现全面城市化的迹象,其根源在于甲午战后列强在中国开矿设厂权利的获得和中国民族资本主义的发展,工商业逐渐成为城市化的主要动力。这一时期中国城市化的成果主要集中在通商口岸,租界是城市化的典型。尽管这一时期中国人已经开始了零星的摸索,但从总体来讲,清末新政前中国的城市化是不自主的、被动的、畸形的。清末新政前中国的现代化是零星的、局部的,而清末新政是自上而下、全面的自主的改革。清末新政是中国现代化的全面起步,中国城市化开始了自主前行,其根源在于民族危机下中国人思想的转变。新政中工业、商业、路政等一系列政策直接推动过了城市化的进程。 19世纪末开始酝酿的自开商埠,在新政中得以大力推行。宁波模式和自营通商场成为自开商埠的有效借鉴,自开商埠大大推动了商埠城市近代经济的发展,有力推动了城市化进程。这一时期,城市的职能逐步实现了从传统向现代的过度。商会、地方自治和巡警等新式机构在城市生活中发挥着越来越大的作用,近代市政建设也开始在全国范围内展开,促进了城市的发展和城市化进程的开展。新政中的政策赋予了士绅、民族资产阶级和新式知识分子参与到城市生活中的政治机会,工商业发展为他们提供了有力的经济支持,他们依靠众多社团积极参与到国家政治生活中,与政府形成互动,市民社会初现端倪。 1904年济南自开商埠后,城市工商业迅速发展起来,新式教育逐渐取代了传统教育,城市人口和规模不断扩大,开始了新型的市政建设,商会等市民团体建立起来并在城市生活中发挥作用,逐渐实现了从传统的封建社会城市向近代新型工商业城市的转变,成为了济南城市发展的新起点,是这一时期城市发展的典型。中国城市化的道路和现代化的道路是一体的,城市化在现代化的进程发挥着龙头作用,现代化进程的深入也推动了城市化道路的开展。清末新政是中国早期现代化的全面启动,也是中国早期城市化的全面启动。在中国城市化从被动、畸形到自主、全面的转变过程中,清政府发挥了关键的作用。
[Abstract]:Before the Opium War, Chinese cities were shrouded in the traditional society. Although there were a few industrial and commercial cities in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and capitalism sprout in a few cities in the south of the Yangtze River, the urbanization process in China did not start. The beginning of China's urbanization started with the modern Chinese society. After the Opium War, China entered the modern society, but the modernization of China did not begin, urbanization began in the expanding commercial trade of the Western powers, commerce became the driving force of China's urbanization in this period. After the second Opium War, China's modernization began to start, with the establishment and expansion of concessions, western municipal civilization poured into China, the Westernization Movement and the expanding investment of the powers in China promoted the urbanization process. After the Sino-Japanese war, there were signs of total urbanization in China, which originated from the acquisition of the right of the great powers to open mines in China and the development of Chinese national capitalism after the war. Industry and commerce gradually became the main driving force of urbanization. In this period, the achievements of urbanization in China are mainly concentrated in commercial ports, concessions are typical of urbanization. Although the Chinese people began to grope sporadically in this period, the urbanization of China before the New deal in the late Qing Dynasty was involuntary, passive and abnormal. China's modernization before the late Qing Dynasty New deal was sporadic and partial, while the late Qing New deal was a top-down, comprehensive and autonomous reform. The New deal in the late Qing Dynasty was the overall starting point of China's modernization, and the urbanization of China began to advance independently, the root of which was the change of Chinese thought under the national crisis. A series of policies, such as industry, commerce, road administration and so on, directly promoted the process of urbanization. At the end of the 19 th century, the development of commercial ports was vigorously carried out in the New deal. Ningbo model and self-owned shopping mall have become an effective reference for self-opening commercial port, which has greatly promoted the development of modern economy of commercial port city and promoted the process of urbanization. During this period, the functions of the city gradually realized the transition from tradition to modern. Chamber of Commerce, Local Autonomy and Patrol Police play a more and more important role in urban life. Modern municipal construction has also begun to be carried out throughout the country, which has promoted the development of the city and the development of the urbanization process. The policies of the New deal gave the gentry, the national bourgeoisie and the new intellectuals the opportunity to participate in the political life of the city, and the development of industry and commerce provided them with strong economic support. They actively participate in the political life of the country and interact with the government. After Jinan opened its commercial port in 1904, the city industry and commerce developed rapidly, the new education gradually replaced the traditional education, the population and scale of the city continued to expand, and a new type of municipal construction began. The Chamber of Commerce and other civic groups established and played a role in urban life, gradually realized the transformation from the traditional feudal society city to the modern new industrial and commercial city, and became a new starting point for the city development of Jinan. It is a typical example of urban development in this period. The road of China's urbanization and the road of modernization are one. Urbanization plays a leading role in the process of modernization, and the deepening of the process of modernization also promotes the development of the road of urbanization. The New deal in the late Qing Dynasty was the overall start of China's early modernization and the early urbanization of China. The Qing government played a key role in the process of urbanization in China from passivity, malformation to independence and all-round transformation.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K252

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