人民公社时期农业生产绩效的制度分析

发布时间：2018-05-18 12:09

本文选题：人民公社 + 农业生产绩效　；参考：《中国政法大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：改革开放以来,我国社会主义现代化建设取得重大成就,综合国力显著提高,人民生活水平显著改善,然而社会不平衡现象严重,城乡差距日益拉大,“三农”问题突显,成为制约全局的关键问题。新世纪以来,三农工作成为我党工作的重中之重,当前,社会主义新农村建设在各地普遍开展,轰轰烈烈的建设背后仍然有很多隐忧,集中反映为农民的权利保障问题。在此背景下,研究人民公社时期的“三农”问题具有重要意义,一方面,解决当前的“三农”问题必须从历史的视角全面审视,并且人民公社给今日中国打上了鲜明的烙印;另一方面,人民公社体制问题的核心是权力过度集中,换个角度就是民众权利过少,当前三农工作主要从物质方面支援农村,缺少对农民自主权利的关注,二者是相通的。本文试图运用新制度经济学的相关理论,通过实证分析与规范分析相结合,对人民公社时期的农业生产绩效问题进行深入剖析,分析人民公社时期农业生产绩效低下的原因,揭示人民公社体制弊端的实质,以求对当前的“三农”工作具有一定的启示意义。本文坚持农民的理性假设,农民会在一定的环境约束下做出对自己最有利的选择,农民是农业生产的主体,农作制度是否承认并符合农民的理性假设是其产生何种生产绩效的关键。人民公社集权体制下的农业生产绩效是低下的,这一结论不仅可以从不同历史时期的农业生产绩效比较中得出,也可以从与同期拥有一定自主权的家庭副业生产绩效比较中得出。制度是影响经济绩效的关键因素,同理,人民公社时期的农作制度是导致农业生产绩效低下的重要原因。人民公社时期的农作制度可以从产权制度、分配制度、经营管理制度三个方面进行分析。产权制度在前期体现为“一大二公”,1962年以后体现为“三级所有、队为基础”;分配制度在前期体现为公共食堂的绝对平均主义,1962年以后体现为带有一定按劳分配性质的“工分制”;经营管理体制为单一的计划体制。这样的制度安排为什么及怎样导致了严重低下的生产绩效是文章第四、五两章关注的核心问题。作为基础性制度安排的产权制度,一方面存在不确定性,影响了农民的收益预期,另一方面,结构不合理,造成巨大的外部成本。由于人民公社的分配制度极不合理,导致激励不足,影响了资源配置效率。由于人民公社坚持计划体制,产生了大量的监督管理成本。由此,人民公社时期农作制度的收益——成本失衡,导致农业生产绩效的低下。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, great achievements have been made in China's socialist modernization drive, the overall national strength has improved significantly, and the living standards of the people have been significantly improved. However, the social imbalance is serious, the gap between urban and rural areas is widening day by day, and the "three rural" problems are highlighted. Become the key problem that restricts the overall situation. Since the new century, the work of agriculture, rural areas and farmers has become the most important work of our Party. At present, the construction of new socialist countryside is widely carried out all over the world, and there are still many hidden worries behind the vigorous construction, which is reflected in the protection of farmers' rights. Under this background, it is of great significance to study the issue of "agriculture, countryside and farmers" in the people's commune period. On the one hand, to solve the current problem of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" must be comprehensively examined from a historical perspective, and the people's commune has made a clear mark on China today. On the other hand, the core of the people's commune system is the excessive concentration of power, in other words, the people's rights are too few. At present, the work of agriculture, rural areas and farmers mainly supports the rural areas from the material aspect, and lacks the attention to the farmers' independent rights. The two are interlinked. This paper attempts to use the relevant theories of new institutional economics, through the combination of empirical analysis and normative analysis, to analyze the agricultural production performance in the people's commune period, and analyze the reasons for the low agricultural production performance during the people's commune period. To reveal the essence of the malpractice of the people's commune system, in order to have certain enlightenment significance to the present work of "agriculture, countryside and farmers". This paper insists on the rational assumption of farmers that farmers will make the most favorable choices for themselves under certain environmental constraints, and farmers are the main body of agricultural production. Whether or not the farming system recognizes and conforms to the farmers' rational hypothesis is the key to its productive performance. The performance of agricultural production under the centralization system of people's communes is low. This conclusion can not only be drawn from the comparison of agricultural production performance in different historical periods. It can also be drawn from the comparison of household sideline production performance with the corresponding autonomy. The system is the key factor to affect the economic performance. Similarly, the agricultural farming system during the people's commune period is the important reason for the low agricultural production performance. The farming system in the people's commune period can be analyzed from three aspects: property right system, distribution system and management system. The system of property rights is embodied in the early stage as "the first two public", and after 1962 as "three levels of ownership, team as the basis"; The distribution system is the absolute equalitarianism of the public canteen in the early stage, and the "work division system" with the nature of distribution according to work after 1962, and the management system is a single planning system. Why and how such institutional arrangements lead to serious low production performance are the core issues of the fourth and fifth chapters. As the basic institutional arrangement, the property right system, on the one hand, has uncertainty, which affects the farmers' income expectation, on the other hand, the structure is unreasonable, resulting in huge external cost. Because the distribution system of the people's commune is extremely unreasonable, it leads to insufficient incentive and affects the efficiency of resource allocation. As the people's communes adhere to the planning system, a large number of supervision and management costs. As a result, the income-cost imbalance of the farming system during the people's commune period leads to the low performance of agricultural production.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K27

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