“走向解放”：集体化时期太行山区妇女的农业劳动

发布时间：2018-05-25 09:19

本文选题：集体化时期 + 太行山区　；参考：《南开大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：新中国成立后，发动妇女参加社会化大生产成为中共妇女工作的重要内容。在中共的发动下，乡村妇女开始大规模地走出家庭，走上社会，参与社会生产，为国家、为集体创造了大量的财富和价值，同时也使自身的素质和处境发生了很大的变化。但这是不是就代表“妇女解放”了？到底什么是“妇女解放”？集体化时期的妇女是否真正获得了解放？这是妇女史研究的重要课题，也是本文着力论述所在。本文集中研究了集体化时期太行山区妇女在参与农业生产的过程中，在农业生产中所起的重大作用以及给自身带来的重大变化，并试图说明乡村妇女在参与农业生产的过程中所面临的困境和挣扎，探讨集体化时期乡村妇女是否真的获得了解放。全文包括引言和六章正文。引言部分主要介绍了本课题的意义、学术史、研究理论和方法以及资料来源等。第一章，主要介绍新中国成立前太行山区妇女参与农业生产的情况。在传统社会中，在“男主外，女主内”的劳作分工模式下，妇女大部分时间从事家务劳动，主要的活动是煮饭洗衣、编织缝纫、料理家务、养育孩子等劳动。就太行山区来说，由于地少人多，，除少数贫农妇女到田间搞些辅助劳动外，一般没有参加田间劳动的习惯，否则会遭人耻笑。由于家务劳动难以被量化且不具有交换性，其价值在传统观念中被大打折扣，所以妇女在家庭中一直被视为“吃闲饭的人”或“无用的人”。直到抗战前夕，太行山区广大妇女仍处在封建宗法制度束缚之下，仍然被禁锢在封建文化浸染的传统女性空间中。抗战开始后，中共出于解放妇女的历史使命和根据地面临的巨大财政经济困难等原因，开始发动妇女参加农业生产。在中共的发动下，太行山区妇女开始冲破几千年的封建束缚，摆脱了单一的家务劳动，参与农业生产人数和范围逐步扩大，并在农业生产中起到了一定的作用。同时，参与农业生产也使妇女改变了原先“以劳为耻”的劳动观念，形成了新的家庭关系，也使妇女的社会地位有了一定提高。第二章，主要介绍了新中国成立后中共对妇女的生产动员。在马恩列斯妇女解放理论的指导下，更由于新中国成立后经济建设中面临的巨大劳动力缺口和对苏联经验的借鉴，新中国成立后，发动妇女参加农业生产仍然是中共妇女工作的一项重要任务。中共通过思想教育、在家庭内解放妇女的后顾之忧、利用示范效应、帮助妇女学习农业技术以及实行男女“同工同酬”等方法发动妇女参加农业生产。第三章，主要介绍妇女在农业生产中逐渐“撑起了半边天”。在中共的发动下，太行山区妇女的劳动参与率逐渐提高，在生产中的作用也日益凸显，在农业生产中逐渐“撑起了半边天”。第四章，主要介绍妇女参加农业劳动对自身的影响。集体化时期，妇女大规模参与农业生产劳动，不仅为家庭、集体乃至国家创造了大量财富与价值，而且对其自身素质的提高也有很大的影响。在参与农业生产过程中，妇女的劳动技术、精神风貌以及社会地位均有了很大程度的提高与改变。第五章，介绍集体化时期的男女“同工同酬”。在集体化时期，工分是计量农民参加集体劳动的数量和质量并获取相应报酬的一种形式。由于“男尊女卑”的历史原因和妇女的劳动技术水平低等现实原因，在妇女参加集体劳动初期，往往是男子的工分普遍高于妇女的工分。随着妇女劳动技术的提高和劳动强度的增大，妇女对这种男高女低的记分方法逐渐产生了异议，开始要求在农业生产中实行男女“同工同酬”。中共出于解放妇女和提高妇女劳动积极性的考虑，逐渐把男女“同工同酬”制度化，并取得了一定的成效。但由于男女生理的客观差异和传统的男女劳作分工模式不同，男女“同工同酬”却只能成为一句追求男女平等的口号，在集体化时期并未能真正实现。第六章，介绍乡村妇女在参加集体农业生产过程中面临的困境和挣扎。集体化时期，对于广大农村妇女而言，参与农业生产、走出家庭所带来的解放感是不容置疑的。但同时，参与农业生产也给妇女带来一些始料未及的问题。最为突出的有两个问题：一是妇女走出家庭参与社会劳动后，但男子却没有相应的分担家务劳动，家务劳动仍然主要由妇女来承担，这就加重了妇女的负担，给妇女造成了双重束缚；第二个问题是在妇女解放的过程中，中共只注重发扬“冲天干劲”，“片面地宣传‘苦干’、‘猛干’，表扬有病坚持工作”，忽视性别差异的问题，结果导致妇女身体受到很大的损害。由此，集体化时期乡村妇女参加农业生产劳动给妇女带来的不仅仅是解放，在解放的背后妇女承受了许多不能诉说的苦痛和挣扎。首先，集体化时期把“男女平等”视为妇女解放的目标，并把“男女平等”简单理解成“男女都一样”，以男人的标准来要求女性，把体力的平等作为妇女解放的标志。其次，在妇女开始走入社会参加农业劳动的同时，男子却并没有在家庭中相应的承担一部分家务劳动，家务劳动仍被看成是妇女的职责所在，因此，在集体化时期乃至此后的很长一段时期，乡村妇女都要承受农业劳动和家务劳动的双重负担，在这双重重担之下，妇女们疲累不堪，苦不堪言，“男女平等”并没有真正实现。集体化时期妇女解放运动貌似激烈，却出现了妇女解放而不平等的悖论。这缘于国家权力的越位和妇女权利的缺失，男女平等旨在鼓励妇女与男人看齐多做贡献，却有意无意地忽视了性别差异和妇女的权利。
[Abstract]:After the founding of new China, launching women to participate in social production has become an important part of the work of women in the Communist Party of China. Under the launch of the Communist Party of China, rural women began to walk out of the family, go to society, participate in social production, create a large amount of wealth and value for the country, and make their own qualities and circumstances great. But does this represent "women's Liberation"? What is "women's Liberation"? Is the women in the period of collectivization truly emancipated? This is an important subject in the study of women's history and is the focus of this article.
This paper focuses on the important role of women in the agricultural production in the period of collectivization and the significant changes brought to themselves in the agricultural production, and tries to explain the difficulties and struggles of rural women in the process of participating in agricultural production, and to explore whether the rural women in the period of collectivization are true. The full text includes the introduction and the six chapter of the text.
The introduction mainly introduces the significance of this topic, academic history, research theories and methods, and data sources.
In the first chapter, we mainly introduce the situation of women participating in agricultural production in Taihang mountains before the founding of new China. In the traditional society, under the labor division mode of "male owners and female owners", women engaged in housework most of the time. The main activities are cooking and washing, knitting sewing, cooking housework, raising children and so on. For the Taihang mountain area, In addition to a small number of people, in addition to a few poor peasant women to work in the field, they usually do not take part in the field work, otherwise they will be laughed at. Because of the difficulty of being quantified and not exchangeable, the value of the housework is discounted in the traditional concept, so women have been regarded as "idle people" or "people" in the family. On the eve of the war of resistance, the vast majority of women in the Taihang Mountains were still under the bondage of feudal patriarchal system, still confined to the traditional female space, which was imprisoned by feudal culture.
Since the beginning of the war of resistance, the Chinese Communist Party began to launch women to participate in agricultural production out of the historical mission of emancipating women and the huge financial and economic difficulties faced by the base areas. Under the launch of the Communist Party of China, the women of the Taihang mountains began to break through the feudal shackles of thousands of years, free from a single family work and participate in the gradual expansion of the number and scope of agricultural production. At the same time, the participation in agricultural production also made women change the old concept of "disgrace to work", formed a new family relationship and made a certain improvement in the social status of women.
The second chapter mainly introduces the mobilization of the Chinese Communist Party in the production of women after the founding of new China. Under the guidance of the Emancipation Theory of emancie, it is more due to the huge labor gap and the experience of the Soviet Union in economic construction after the founding of new China. After the founding of new China, the participation of women in agricultural production is still the work of the women of the Communist Party of China. An important task. Through ideological education, the Communist Party of China liberates women's worries in the family, uses the demonstration effect, helps women to learn agricultural technology and implements women's "equal pay for equal work" and other methods to launch women in agricultural production.
In the third chapter, it is mainly introduced that women in agricultural production gradually "prop up half the sky". Under the launch of the Communist Party of China, the labor participation rate of women in Taihang mountain area is increasing gradually, and the role in production is becoming increasingly prominent, and in agricultural production, it has gradually "supported half the sky".
The fourth chapter mainly introduces the influence of women's participation in agricultural labor. During the period of collectivization, the large-scale participation of women in agricultural production and labor has not only created a large amount of wealth and value for the family, the collective and even the country, but also has a great influence on the improvement of its own quality. In the process of agricultural production, the labor technology of women is fine. The appearance of the gods and social status has been greatly improved and changed.
The fifth chapter introduces the "equal pay for equal work" for men and women in the period of collectivization. In the period of collectivization, the work points are a form of measuring the quantity and quality of the peasants participating in the collective labor and obtaining the corresponding remuneration. Men's work points are generally higher than women's work points. With the increase of women's labor technology and the increase of labor intensity, women have gradually dissent about the scoring method for the male and female low women, and began to demand the "equal pay for equal work" between men and women in agricultural production. The Communist Party of China is driven by the consideration of the liberation of women and the increase of women's labour enthusiasm. The "equal pay for equal work" has been institutionalized and achieved certain results. However, due to the difference of the objective difference between male and female physiology and the traditional labor division pattern of men and women, the "equal pay for equal work" can only be a slogan for the pursuit of equality between men and women, and it has not been truly realized in the period of collectivization.
The sixth chapter introduces the difficulties and struggles of rural women in the process of participating in collective agricultural production. During the period of collectivization, it is unquestionable for the rural women to participate in agricultural production and get out of the liberation of their families. At the same time, the participation in agricultural production also brings some unsolved problems to women. The two question: first, after women go out of the family to participate in social labor, but men do not share the work of housework, housework is still mainly undertaken by women, which aggravates the burden of women and causes double bondage to women; the second problem is that in the process of women's emancipation, the Communist Party of China pays more attention to the development of "drive the sky". "One-sided publicity of" hard work "," fierce work ", praise for illness, persistence in work, and neglect of gender differences have resulted in great damage to women's health.
Thus, in the period of collectivization, the participation of rural women in agricultural production and labor for women is not only emancipated, but behind emancipation, women bear many unspeakable pains and struggles. First, the "equality of men and women" is regarded as the goal of women's Liberation in the period of collectivization, and the "equality of men and women" is simply understood as "the same as both men and women". Women are required by men's standards and the equality of physical strength as a symbol of women's emancipation. Secondly, while women begin to enter the society to participate in agricultural labor, men do not undertake part of the housework in the family, and housework is still regarded as the duty of women, therefore, in the period of collectivization and thereafter. For a long time, rural women have to bear the double burden of agricultural labor and housework. Under this double burden, women are tired and miserable. "Equality between men and women" has not been truly realized. The liberation movement of women in the period of collectivization appears fierce, but the paradox of women's Liberation and inequality. This is due to the state power. Offside and the lack of women's rights, equality between men and women is aimed at encouraging women to make more contributions to men, but intentionally or unintentionally neglecting gender differences and women's rights.
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D442.6;K27

【参考文献】