杨格与国民政府战时财政研究（1937-1945）

发布时间：2018-05-29 02:40

本文选题：杨格 + 国民政府　；参考：《复旦大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：抗战时期杨格对华活动的核心是求助外援和货币管理,这两方面紧密联系。抗战前期,国民政府最需要的现金援助,在很大程度上是用来维持货币,法币的内外价值关系到国民政府的存亡；后期国民政府对通货膨胀和物价治理的效果,又直接关系到能否继续有效获取外援。如何利用外援进行有效的货币管理?除了抗战初期不计代价的抛售外汇以维持法币,杨格思考的最终答案便是通过国际资金的注入,运用金融力量进行市场运作,以较少的代价维持法币的基本稳定,其典型代表是中英平准基金。如果从1938年6月中英金融势力联合维持汇市算起,这一政策实际发挥作用的时间两年有余,为杨格所推崇；然而,1941年在中英美平准基金的运作中,国民政府逐渐放弃了这一政策,国民政府因此失去了对符合实际情况的汇率的维持,在官方汇率上采取了顽固的态度,杨格认为这是导致国民政府货币失败的一个重要原因。如有用有效的货币管理来体现财政能力,进一步争取外援?太平洋战争爆发,特别是美国五亿美元借款成立之后,货币管理的效果反过来影响到中国对外求援的进度。虽然这一时期,对中国国际信用造成影响的因素是多方面的,但是五亿美援在抑制通货膨胀方面的失败,无疑是一个不利因素。杨格曾多次提醒国民政府领导人注意通货膨胀的问题,使用美援抑制通货膨胀即是其中的一条重要建议,其失败是中美两方面的因素造成的。杨格认为,在美金公债的发行过程中,中方没有及时调整汇率和发动有效的社会动员,收效甚微。在黄金政策的推行过程中,美方财政部官员有意阻挠,该政策未能在战时发挥应有的效果。这些问题,在客观上造成了国民政府后期通货膨胀加剧和社会秩序的混乱,在主观上让中美双方陷入更深的矛盾之中。杨格对战时财政的重要贡献,还体现在对债信的维持和对战后财政的设计,这两个主题分别在第一章和第四章加以论述。杨格的战时债务思想从战前延续到战时,在战时外债停付的过程中,杨格做了最大限度的努力,在尽可能的情况下努力继续偿还债务,在国民政府决定放弃偿付之后努力减少该政策对中国与各债权国之间关系的冲击。关于战后财政,杨格强调国民政府应以实现财政稳定的为要目标,采取自助然后进一步寻求他助的态度。在杨格提出的若干财政建言中,侧重于战后财政的巩固恢复和国民政府自身的改革,与此同时,杨格参与了国际货币基金组织的筹建和向联合国善后救济总署申请援助的工作,为战后中国之善后救济及重建奠定基础。
[Abstract]:The core of Yang GE's activities in China during the War of Resistance against Japan was to seek foreign aid and currency management, which were closely linked. Before the War of Resistance against Japan, the most needed cash assistance by the National Government was to a large extent used to maintain the currency, and the internal and external value of the law was related to the survival of the National Government, and the effect of the latter period on the control of inflation and prices. And directly related to whether to continue to effectively obtain foreign aid. How to use foreign aid for effective monetary management? In addition to selling foreign exchange at no cost in the early years of the War of Resistance against Japan to maintain the currency, Young's final answer was to use financial forces to operate the market through the injection of international funds, so as to maintain the basic stability of the legal currency at a relatively low cost. Its typical example is the Sino-British Stabilization Fund. If the Chinese and British financial forces jointly maintained the foreign exchange market in June 1938, the policy would have actually worked for more than two years and was respected by Yang GE; however, in 1941, in the operation of the Sino-British stabilization fund, The National Government gradually abandoned this policy, so it lost the maintenance of the exchange rate in line with the actual situation, and adopted a stubborn attitude on the official exchange rate, which Yang GE thought was an important reason for the failure of the national government currency. If effective monetary management is used to reflect fiscal capacity and further seek foreign aid? After the Pacific War broke out, especially after the US borrowed $500 million, the effectiveness of currency management in turn affected China's progress in seeking foreign aid. Although there are many factors that affect China's international credit in this period, the failure of 500 million US aid to curb inflation is undoubtedly a disadvantageous factor. Yang GE has repeatedly reminded the leaders of the National Government to pay attention to the problem of inflation, and the use of US aid to curb inflation is one of the important suggestions, and its failure is caused by both China and the United States. Yang believes that China's failure to adjust its exchange rate and mobilize effective social mobilization in the process of issuing US dollar bonds has had little effect. Treasury officials obstructed the implementation of the gold policy, which failed to work in wartime. These problems objectively led to the intensification of inflation and the chaos of social order in the late period of the National Government, and subjectively made China and the United States fall into deeper contradictions. Yang GE's important contribution to wartime finance is also reflected in the maintenance of debt and the design of postwar finance, which are discussed in chapter one and chapter four, respectively. Yang GE's idea of wartime debt continued from pre-war to wartime. During the process of stopping payment of foreign debts during the war, Young did his utmost to continue to repay debts as far as possible. Efforts were made to reduce the impact of the policy on relations between China and its creditors after the national government decided to give up payments. On postwar finance, Yang GE stressed that the national government should aim at achieving financial stability, take the attitude of self-help and seek further help from him. In several of his financial proposals, he focused on post-war fiscal consolidation and rehabilitation and the reform of the national Government itself, while he was involved in the preparation of the International Monetary Fund and the application for assistance from the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. To lay the foundation for the relief and reconstruction of postwar China.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：F812.9;K265

【参考文献】