粮食统购统销制度形成的原因和影响研究

发布时间：2018-05-29 17:31

本文选题：粮食 + 统购统销　；参考：《湘潭大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：粮食统购统销从1953年开始实施到1985年改行粮食合同定购制止,持续了32年之久,是共和国60年来执行时间最长、影响最大、涉及范围最广的重要制度之一。目前学界对统购统销制度的研究成果很多,但在统购统销制度形成的原因上还没有形成比较全面、系统和深入的共识。本文利用丰富的档案资料和各种报刊资料,系统梳理了粮食统购统销制度形成的原因和影响,同时就与统购统销政策相关的几个问题予以辨析。 1952—1953年粮食紧张局面是统购统销政策得以迅速出台的直接诱因。这次粮食局面的紧张并不是粮源发生了危机,而是商品粮食购少销多引起粮食价格上涨造成的恐慌。究其原因主要是在调整粮食商业公司关系中处置不当,加上部分地区受灾和农民储粮备荒或惜售行为引起的。这次粮食购销危机为粮食统购统销政策出台提供了契机。贯彻落实过渡时期总路线是粮食统购统销政策出台的政治动因。粮食统购统销政策能有效的切断农民跟市场的联系,有效抑制农村自发势力,加强对农民和农业的社会主义改造。党内首先把过渡时期总路线跟粮食统购统销政策联系起来的是毛泽东,这与毛泽东接受的苏联过渡时期理论和毛泽东对农村与农民定性分析密切相关。支持重工业优先发展的工业化战略是统购统销政策出台的经济动因。粮食统购统销初期对工业化的支持主要表现在稳定粮价和物价、保证国家建设和城镇居民用粮。从1958年开始,由于粮食增产乏力导致粮食供需矛盾进一步紧张,粮食市场价格大大高出粮食统购价格,粮食统购统销制度遂不自觉的以“剪刀差”的形式使农业资金流入国家财政和工业化建设领域,为我国工业化的建设做出了巨大的贡献和牺牲。粮食统购统销制度对我国政治经济社会的发展都造成了深远的影响。其积极作用主要表现在:一是利用行政手段平抑了粮食购销危机,稳定了市场物价和社会;二是为新中国初期的工业化建设提供了大量的原材料和资金支持,为初步建立比较完整的工业体系作出了重要的贡献;三是通过统购统销宣传,促进了农业社会主义改造的进程,同时也对开展资本主义工商业改造提供了强有力的支持。其消极作用主要表现在以下两个方面:一是限制了价值规律在农业生产中的作用和打击了农民生产积极性的发挥,限制了农村商品经济的活力;二是抑制了农村和城镇居民生活水平的稳定和提高。
[Abstract]:From 1953 to 1985, the monopoly purchase and sale of grain was carried out, which lasted for 32 years. It is one of the most important systems in the 60 years of the Republic, which has the longest execution time, the biggest influence and the most extensive scope. At present, there are a lot of research achievements on the system of unified purchase and marketing, but there is no comprehensive, systematic and in-depth consensus on the reasons for the formation of the system. Using abundant archives and various newspapers and periodicals, this paper systematically combs the causes and influences of the formation of the system of unified purchase and marketing of grain, and at the same time analyzes several problems related to the policy of unified purchase and marketing of grain. From 1952 to 1953, food shortage was the direct inducement of the rapid introduction of the policy of purchasing and marketing. The current food crisis is not a crisis in food sources, but a panic caused by food prices rising as commodities are bought and sold less. The reason is mainly due to the improper handling in the adjustment of grain commercial company relationship, coupled with the disaster in some areas and the farmers' food storage or sale behavior. This grain purchase and marketing crisis provides an opportunity for the introduction of the grain purchase and marketing policy. Carrying out the general route of transition period is the political motivation of the policy of grain purchase and marketing. Grain purchase and marketing policy can effectively cut off the relationship between farmers and the market, effectively suppress the rural spontaneous forces, and strengthen the socialist transformation of farmers and agriculture. Mao Zedong is the first party to link the general route of transition period with the policy of grain purchase and marketing, which is closely related to the theory of Soviet transition accepted by Mao Zedong and the qualitative analysis of rural and peasant by Mao Zedong. The industrialization strategy supporting the priority development of heavy industry is the economic motivation of the introduction of the state-owned purchase and marketing policy. The support for industrialization in the initial stage of grain purchase and marketing mainly lies in stabilizing grain prices and ensuring the construction of the country and the use of grain for urban residents. Since 1958, the contradiction between supply and demand of grain has been further strained due to the lack of production of grain, and the market price of grain is much higher than the price of grain purchase. Therefore, the grain purchase and marketing system unconsciously made agricultural funds flow into the national finance and industrialization construction field by the form of "scissors difference", which made great contribution and sacrifice for the industrialization construction of our country. The system of grain purchase and marketing has a profound influence on the development of our country's political economy and society. Its positive effects are mainly reflected in: first, the use of administrative means to calm the crisis of grain purchase and marketing, and to stabilize the market prices and society; and second, it has provided a large amount of raw materials and financial support for the industrialization construction in the early days of New China. It has made an important contribution to the preliminary establishment of a relatively complete industrial system. Thirdly, it has promoted the process of socialist transformation of agriculture through the propaganda of unified purchase and marketing, and at the same time has provided strong support for the reform of capitalist industry and commerce. Its negative effects are mainly shown in the following two aspects: first, it limits the function of the law of value in agricultural production and the exertion of farmers' production enthusiasm, and limits the vitality of the rural commodity economy; Second, it has restrained the stability and improvement of the living standards of rural and urban residents.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K27

【引证文献】