从1920年海原大地震看由“灾”到“荒”的嬗变

发布时间：2018-06-01 05:07

本文选题：海原大地震 + 灾害　；参考：《宁夏大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：民国九年(1920)12月,甘肃省海原县(今属宁夏)发生了震惊中外的大地震。由于地震巨大的破坏力,给甘肃东部与南部各县造成前所未有的损失。地震作为一种自然灾害,发生在不同的时期、不同的地区,其造成的破坏程度也不尽相同。然而,在民国前期动荡的社会环境中,海原大地震所造成的恶劣影响远远超出了自然灾害的范围。在各种因素的综合作用下,地震不仅造成人口死亡、牲畜压毙、道路毁坏、房屋倒塌等直接损失,而且在重灾区衍生出人民流离失所、经济凋敝、土匪横行、烟毒泛滥等一系列社会问题。地震的危害之所以严重,除了自然环境脆弱,土壤粘性低等自然因素以外,主要是由于社会组织能力低、经济条件落后、政府面对灾害的不作为以及各种社会矛盾突出等社会因素。社会因素的掣肘使得震区人民不能得到及时赈济,亦无法有效地获得灾后重建。最终,地震带来的危害非但没能在短时期内减弱或消除,反而出现不断恶化的情况,致使灾区人民长期陷入困顿的境地,一场简单的自然灾害逐渐演变成了社会性的灾荒。灾荒是“天灾”与“人祸”交替作用下的产物。灾害的发生虽来自于“天灾”,但饥荒的蔓延则更多地源于“人祸”。因此可以说,海原大地震及其所造成的后果,不单是一场纯粹的自然变异,它还在一定程度上反映了自然变异背后北洋政府时期海原地区人与社会的关系。本选题以民国北洋政府时期发生的海原大地震为研究对象,着重探讨由“灾”到“荒”嬗变过程中的各种因素,有助于突显社会转型时期人与自然关系失衡的各种原因,进而从灾荒的角度认识民国前期中国政治、经济以及社会等方面的情况。历史的经验告诉我们,灾害的破坏程度往往取决于人类社会对灾害的应对策略及其实施情况;一个政治腐败、经济凋敝、各种矛盾突出的社会,显然无法有效抵御自然灾害的侵袭,且灾害发生后,社会矛盾的激化反而会加剧灾害的危害程度,给灾区造成二次破坏。
[Abstract]:In December, Haiyuan County, Gansu Province (now Ningxia), shocked China and foreign countries. The earthquake has caused unprecedented damage to counties in the east and south of Gansu. As a kind of natural disaster, earthquake occurs in different periods and regions, and its damage degree is different. However, in the turbulent social environment in the early period of the Republic of China, the severe impact caused by the Haiyuan earthquake was far beyond the scope of natural disasters. As a result of the combined effects of various factors, the earthquake not only caused direct losses such as death of population, crushing of livestock, destruction of roads and collapse of houses, but also resulted in displacement of people, economic destitution and rampant banditry in the worst-hit areas. A series of social problems, such as the spread of tobacco and poison. In addition to natural factors such as the fragility of the natural environment and the low viscosity of the soil, the reason for the serious damage caused by the earthquake is mainly due to the low capacity of social organization and the backward economic conditions. The government faces the disaster's inaction and various social contradictions and other social factors. Social factors make it impossible for people in earthquake area to receive timely relief and effective reconstruction. Finally, the damage caused by earthquake has not been weakened or eliminated in a short period of time, on the contrary, the situation is getting worse and worse, causing the people in the disaster area to be trapped for a long time, and a simple natural disaster has gradually evolved into a social famine. Famine is the result of the alternating action of natural disaster and man-made disaster. Although the disaster comes from the natural disaster, the spread of famine is more caused by the man-made disaster. So it can be said that Haiyuan earthquake and its consequences are not only a pure natural variation, but also reflect the relationship between people and society in Haiyuan area during the period of Beiyang government. This topic takes the Haiyuan earthquake that occurred during the period of the Northern Ocean Government of the Republic of China as the research object, emphatically discusses the various factors in the process of evolution from "disaster" to "famine", which will help to highlight the various reasons for the imbalance between man and nature in the period of social transformation. From the perspective of famine, we can understand the political, economic and social situation of China in the early period of the Republic of China. Historical experience tells us that the extent of disaster destruction often depends on human society's coping strategies for disasters and their implementation; a society that is politically corrupt, economically depressed, and characterized by contradictions. Obviously, it can not resist the attack of natural disaster effectively, and after the disaster occurs, the intensification of social contradictions will aggravate the harm degree of disaster and cause secondary damage to the disaster area.
【学位授予单位】：宁夏大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K258

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