中日两国政府决策过程研究——以1919年中国南北议和为中心

发布时间：2018-06-04 05:41

本文选题：原敬 + 徐世昌　；参考：《民国档案》2017年04期

【摘要】：依照《中华民国临时约法》,民国北京政府实行责任内阁制,大总统仅具有象征性地位。但徐世昌因夙为北洋派元老,具备较高的政治威望,作为直皖双方都可接受的总统人选,得到日本政府认可,故得以担任总统并参与主导政府决策。日本内阁首相原敬作为在众议院中拥有多数议席的政友会总裁,以众议院为基础,依托贵族院中占有多数的亲政友会派,通过陆军大臣田中义一与军部进行合作。这一时期中日两国政府决策过程具有共同点,即北京政府大总统徐世昌与国务总理钱能训需要取得以皖系领袖段祺瑞为首的北洋军阀实力派的支持和赞同,才能进行决策,日本政府首相原敬也需要取得元老山县有朋的理解和认可,才能更顺利地进行决策;在两国政府决策过程中不能忽视外部因素的影响,北京政府的决策受制于日本和以英美为核心的列强以及国内舆论压力,原敬内阁在与英美协调并考虑与中国南北政府关系的基础上做出决策。两国政府决策过程也存在不同点,徐世昌与钱能训领导力弱小,如果不能征得段祺瑞等北洋军阀实力派的同意,即使做出决策,也很难得到有效实施,而且决策如遭致国会反对,国务总理受到国会弹劾则惟有辞职一途;而原敬依靠自身强大的领导能力和与元老山县有朋的协商一致,通过内阁会议就可以顺利做出决策。
[Abstract]:According to the interim Treaty Law of the Republic of China, the Beijing government of the Republic of China has a responsible cabinet system, and the President has only symbolic status. However, Xu Shichang was accepted by the Japanese government because he was an old patriarch of the Beiyang faction, had high political prestige, and was accepted by both the direct and Anhui governments, so he was able to be president and participate in leading government decisions. As the president of the Council of Friends, which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives, Prime Minister Harakim of Japan, based on the House of Representatives and relying on the majority of the members of the House of Lords, cooperates with the military Department through Army Minister Nakayi Tanaka. During this period, the decision-making process between the Chinese and Japanese governments had something in common, that is, Beijing Government President Xu Shichang and State Premier Qian Neng-hun needed the support and approval of the Northern warlords, led by the leader of the Anhui Department, Duan Qirui, in order to make the decision. Japanese Prime Minister Harakimoto also needs to gain the understanding and recognition of friends from Yuanlaoshan Prefecture in order to make decisions more smoothly. In the decision-making process of the two governments, the influence of external factors cannot be ignored. The Beijing government's decision was constrained by Japan, the Anglo-American powers and domestic public pressure. The former cabinet made the decision on the basis of coordination with the Anglo-American government and consideration of the relationship with China's north-south government. There are also differences between the decision-making processes of the two governments. Xu Shichang and Qian Nengxun have weak leadership. If they cannot obtain the consent of Northern warlords such as Duan Qi-rui, even if they make decisions, it will be very difficult to implement them effectively. Moreover, if the decision is opposed by the parliament, the prime minister can only resign if impeached by the parliament; and Yuan rely on his strong leadership and consultation with the Yuanlaoshan prefecture to make the decision smoothly through the cabinet meeting.
【作者单位】：中国社会科学院世界历史研究所;
【基金】：中国社会科学院创新工程项目“原敬政治思想研究”阶段性成果
【分类号】：K258

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