中国近代外交的特征及成因探析

发布时间：2018-06-05 04:34

本文选题：近代外交 + 始争终让　；参考：《曲阜师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 对外交涉活动是中国近代史的一项重要内容,积贫积弱的近代社会及其在国际关系格局中的屈辱地位决定了中国近代外交活动的艰难与复杂。晚清直至民国,中国的外交活动明显地呈现出五大特征,即：在对外态度上,既蔑视西方列强又深深恐惧之；在对外交涉的过程中,大多未能摆脱始争终让的结局：在对外交涉时,很难摆脱内外双重困境——外部强敌入侵与内部不同政治派别相互倾轧；在外交活动情感上,在饱含屈辱的同时,也始终保持着不屈不挠的抗争精神；在外交进程的演进上,既被动因应,又在一定程度上借鉴西方先进的外交策略等而渐次成熟。中国近代外交的上述五个主要特征与中国近代社会的政治、经济、文化密切相关。上层统治阶级昏庸无能,致使富有远见卓识之精英人士无法施展拯救衰落国势之抱负；在中国传承数千年的农业文明更趋衰落,极大地限制了综合国力的提升,使中国远不能适应近代化发展诸多方面尤其是外交方面所需要的物质基础；文化上,为历代帝王及其御用官吏所改造的儒家文化在全社会占据主导地位,保守落后、因循守旧的气息充斥于社会各个角落,成为制约中国外交近代化进程的思想障碍；官僚行政系统的设置臃肿庞杂,其官吏大都人浮于事,缺乏锐意进取的改革或创新精神,外交近代化的步伐势必相当缓慢；怀旧意识与文明古国的思想包袱,在学习并借鉴西方文明的过程中承受着异常强大的阻力。中国近代外交总体失败的经验教训值得总结并记取。
[Abstract]:Negotiation with foreign countries is an important part of China's modern history. The poverty and weakness of modern society and its humiliating status in the pattern of international relations determine the difficulty and complexity of China's diplomatic activities in modern times. From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, China's diplomatic activities clearly showed five characteristics, that is, in its attitude to the outside world, it disdained the Western powers and was deeply afraid, and in the process of foreign negotiations, Most of them have failed to get rid of the final outcome of the initial dispute: it is difficult to get rid of the internal and external dual dilemma in the foreign negotiations-the invasion of the external strong enemy and the internal political factions are rife with each other; in the diplomatic activities, the feelings are full of humiliation at the same time, In the evolution of the diplomatic process, both passive response and, to a certain extent, learning from the advanced western diplomatic strategies, gradually matured. The five main characteristics of Chinese modern diplomacy are closely related to the politics, economy and culture of Chinese modern society. The incompetence of the upper ruling class led to the inability of the visionary elite to carry out their ambition to save the declining country; the decline of agricultural civilization, which had been passed down for thousands of years in China, greatly restricted the promotion of comprehensive national strength. China is far from being able to adapt to the material foundation needed in many aspects of modern development, especially in foreign affairs. In culture, the Confucian culture reformed by emperors and their imperial officials occupies a dominant position in the whole society and is conservative and backward. The old-fashioned atmosphere filled every corner of the society and became an ideological obstacle restricting the process of modernization of China's diplomacy. The establishment of the bureaucratic administration system was bloated and complicated, and its officials were mostly overstaffed, lacking the spirit of enterprising reform or innovation. The pace of the modernization of diplomacy is bound to be rather slow, and nostalgia and the ideological burden of the ancient civilization bear extremely strong resistance in the process of learning and learning from Western civilization. The experience and lessons of the general failure of Chinese modern diplomacy are worth summing up and remembering.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K252

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