民国时期的汉口火灾与城市消防（1927-1937）

发布时间：2018-06-06 05:24

本文选题：民国 + 汉口　；参考：《华中师范大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：民国时期,火患是困扰城市发展的重要因素。本文以1927年——1937年的汉口为讨论中心,在考察汉口地区消防传统、火灾状况、灾情成因以及机构组织运作等基础上,对以汉口为代表的近代城市消防应对机制进行全面的透视与考察,希冀重构民国时期城市市政管理的历史图景,客观展示政府机构与民间组织在具体市政事务中的交互作用以及对城市的影响,并在最后通过与国内外代表性城市的比较分析以凸显汉口城市消防的特点。第一章对长久以来火灾观念和消防传统进行概述。中国传统社会对于“火”的情感是很复杂的,一方面对它充满了向往,它的光明和热量是生活必需；另一方面又对它十分畏惧,慑于它的巨大破坏力对其敬而远之。“火灾”在历朝历代都是难以回避的话题,社会各个阶层对此也都有自己的看法,对传统社会消防理念及消防措施的总结也是近世消防事业进步的助力之一。不同的时期对于“火患”都有不同的应对方式,从科学技术、建筑规划到行规例法、组织机构等等,这不仅对时人消防产生作用,还影响着后世社会的发展。汉口乃九省通衢,地理位置优越,明中期以后汉口城市兴起,防火、救火便开始与汉口的生存息息相关。第二次鸦片战争后,汉口也自此成为中国内陆一个重要的通商口岸,整个城市被纳入了近代化的历程,城市工商业也开始蓬勃发展,至清末民初,汉口已然成为与上海不相上下的工商业大都市。随着社会的不断发展,人们对于消防的理解以及重视程度各有不同,采取的措施也在不断的发生变化,因此有必要对晚清以来的消防理念和措施进行概括总结以了解这一社会事务的历史脉络。第二章对于1927—1937年间汉口的城市消防情况进行细致的统计分析,并以代表性案例作具体观察。火灾的发生都伴有各式各样的原因,每个原因的出现都必然带着所处时代的烙印。民国时期社会经济发展进入新的历史阶段,近代工业文明开始深刻影响着社会生活,原有的一些生活方式和生产手段逐渐发生改变,因而火灾发生的缘由也显著增多。再加上这一时期社会动荡以致人为纵火事件频发,在这短短十年间,所发生的火灾造成的损失世所罕见。文章将对这一时期的繁杂的火灾情况进行总结、归类,并对与消防相关的城市人口及同时段其他城市的火情进行关联分析,以期总结出汉口城市火灾的一般特征。此外,本章还将选取具有代表性的事例进行具体案例分析,以进一步观察城市火情的复杂性。第三章分别从民办和官办两个视角对汉口城市消防中实际存在的双轨体制进行详细探讨。在民国时期由于政府在社会基层权威的弱化,民办消防的作用日趋重要。为深入了解这一时期汉口民办消防的全貌,本章拟从组织架构、分会监管、设备经费管理、地区影响以及社会参与等五个方面来观测民间消防组织的运作方式与特点。官办消防机构也是这一时期城市消防力量的重要组成,本章将从发展脉络和城市消防事务管理等方面来对其进行探讨。另外,还对将从官办机构的管理和官民机构的共同参与来论述两者交互作用,以此来观察官民机构在城市消防中的互动。第四章主要从灾前保险和灾后赈济两个环节来考察这十年间汉口城市的消防应对。“隐患险于明火、防范胜于救灾”,对火灾的防范历来都是城市消防管理的重要方面,近代金融业的发展使得火灾保险成为汉口应对城市火患的重要手段,本章将从火险的起源、火险机制的完善以及纵火图赔防范治理等方面来观察这一时期的城市消防应对。对灾后赈济则以案例观察的形式进行探讨与分析。第五章将选取同时期国内外代表性城市的市政消防作比较性研究,以此来进一步凸显汉口城市消防的时代特点。在国外城市中,以政府主导型的东京和民间主导型的洛杉矶为例,观察两种不同市政体制下城市管理的相关差异；在国内,则以北平和上海为代表,来探讨官民力量构成比例截然不同的两类城市对市政消防的管理情况,并以此来观察汉口的具体特点。最后,从社会发展的角度对文章论述内容和行文目的进行概括和关照,并在此基础上提出对近代城市市政管理的几点认识。城市市政离不开官民力量的共同参与,官方力量是城市事务的主导,民间组织则是参与的主要力量,两者都需要制度规范并且更需要为彼此留有合理的活动空间,维系城市市政中官民力量的动态平衡对城市市政管理的完善与发展具有重要意义。
[Abstract]:During the period of the Republic of China, fire disaster was an important factor that plagued the development of the city. This article took Hankou as the discussion center in 1927 and 1937. On the basis of investigating the fire fighting tradition, the fire situation, the cause of the disaster and the organization and operation of the Hankou, the paper made a comprehensive perspective and investigation on the modern urban elimination and defense mechanism represented by Hankou. The historical landscape of urban municipal administration during the period of the Republic of China was reconstructed, and the interaction between government institutions and civil organizations in the specific municipal affairs and the influence on the city were objectively displayed. In the end, the characteristics of Hankou city fire fighting were highlighted by comparison and analysis with representative cities at home and abroad.
The first chapter is an overview of the long term fire concept and fire fighting tradition. The Chinese traditional society is very complex for the emotion of fire. On the one hand, it is full of yearning, its light and heat are necessary for life; on the other hand, it is very afraid of it, and is afraid of its great breaking power. "Fire" in the past dynasties All social strata have their own views on this, and the summary of the concept of fire fighting in the traditional society is also one of the help of the progress of the fire industry in recent years. There are different ways to deal with fire in different periods, from science and technology, construction planning to practice law, organization and so on. This not only plays a role in fire prevention, but also affects the development of future society.
Hankou is the thoroughfare of the nine provinces, the geographical position is superior, the Hankou city rises after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the fire prevention and the fire rescue begin to be closely related to the survival of Hankou. After the second Opium War, Hankou has also become an important inland port in China, the whole City has been brought into the process of the near generation, and the city industry and commerce also began to flourish. At the end of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, Hankou has become an industrial and commercial metropolis with Shanghai. With the continuous development of the society, people have different understanding and attention to fire protection, and the measures taken are constantly changing. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize and summarize the ideas and measures of fire fighting since the late Qing Dynasty to understand this social matter. The historical context of affairs.
The second chapter makes a detailed statistical analysis of the city fire situation in Hankou from 1927 to 1937, and makes a specific observation with representative cases. The occurrence of the fire is accompanied by a variety of reasons. The emergence of each cause is bound to bring the brand of the times. The social economic development of the Republic of China entered a new historical stage and modern industrial literature. There is a profound influence on social life in the beginning of Ming Dynasty. The original ways of life and means of production have changed gradually, and the cause of the fire has also increased significantly. In addition, the social unrest in this period, and the frequent arson incidents in the period of ten years, is rare in the loss of the world. The complex fire situation is summed up, classified, and the fire related city population and other cities are related to the fire related analysis in order to summarize the general characteristics of Hankou city fire. In addition, this chapter will also select a representative case for specific case analysis, in order to further observe the complexity of urban fire.
In the third chapter, the dual track system in Hankou city fire fighting is discussed in detail from the two perspectives of civilian run and official office. In the period of the Republic of China, the role of the civilian run fire fighting is becoming more and more important because of the weakening of the government's authority at the grassroots level in the period of the Republic of China. In order to understand the full picture of the civilian run fire fighting in this period, this chapter is intended to be supervised from the organizational structure. The operation mode and characteristics of civil fire fighting organizations are observed in five aspects, such as the management of equipment funds, regional influence and social participation. The official fire fighting organization is also an important component of the city fire fighting force in this period. This chapter will discuss it from the development context and the management of urban fire protection affairs. The interaction between the management of the structure and the participation of the government and civil organizations is to discuss the interaction between them.
The fourth chapter mainly from two aspects of pre disaster insurance and disaster relief to investigate the Hankou city fire response in the past ten years. "Hidden dangers in open fire, prevention is better than disaster relief", and the prevention of fire has always been an important aspect of urban fire management. The development of modern financial industry made fire disaster insurance an important hand for Hankou to deal with urban fire. In this chapter, this chapter will observe the city fire response in this period from the origin of fire insurance, the perfection of the fire insurance mechanism and the prevention and control of the arson chart, and then discuss and analyze the post disaster relief in the form of case observation.
The fifth chapter will make a comparative study on the municipal fire fighting of the representative cities at the same time and abroad, in order to further highlight the characteristics of the times of Hankou city fire fighting. In the foreign cities, the government led Tokyo and the civilian dominated Losangeles is taken as an example to observe the related differences in urban management under the system of two different municipal regimes; in the domestic, On behalf of Beiping and Shanghai, the management of municipal fire fighting in two types of cities with different proportions of government and people's forces is discussed, and the specific characteristics of Hankou are observed.
Finally, from the angle of social development, this paper summarizes the contents of the article and the purpose of the article. On the basis of this, it puts forward some understanding of the urban municipal administration in modern times. The municipal administration is not separated from the joint participation of the officials and the people, the official force is the leading part of the city affairs, the inter organization is the main force of participation, both of which are needed. It is of great significance for the improvement and development of urban municipal administration to maintain a reasonable space for each other, and to maintain the dynamic balance of urban municipal government officials and people.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K262.9;TU998.1

【参考文献】