民初将军府研究

发布时间：2018-06-09 02:46

本文选题：北京政府 + 袁世凯　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：近代以来,伴随着国内外局势的紧张,湘、淮军的崛起,清末新军的编练,地方督抚权力大为增加,中央集权开始削弱,打破了清初以来形成的地方文武牵制、权利均衡的军政体制。武昌起义后,各省独自为政,地方上武人干政、军政不分。面对此种局面,南京临时政府无力处理,直到袁世凯主政北京政府,采取措施来解决这一问题。1914年6月30日,袁世凯撤销地方都督名号,改都督为将军,在北京设立将军府,隶属于大总统,由督理各省军务将军和在京任职将军两部分组成。督理各省军务的将军,在驻地建立将军行署,其军政事务受大总统、陆军部和参谋部监察指示。袁世凯主政时期,将军府的运行主要围绕参与军事操练、参与国防会议、制定军事草案等军政活动展开,一定程度上体现了其作为军事顾问机关的性质。根据军事地位的不同而授予不同等级的将军名号,充分体现被授予者的军事及社会地位,而北京政府对于地方军事长官的名号授予,也就成为中央对地方军事力量控制的象征。袁世凯死后,黎元洪改将军为督军,伴随着地方军政局势的再次混乱,将军府逐渐丧失作为军事顾问机关的意义,其日常运行主要围绕处理府内事务、查照接收转发函件等与军事关系不大的事务展开。在这样情况下,将军名号的封授逐渐成为统治者笼络和奖恤官员的工具,失去原有中央对地方军事控制的意义。因此,1925年,段祺瑞下令裁撤将军府,然而将军名号仍继续存在,直到1928年随着北京政府统治的结束而终结。从袁世凯设立将军府及将军开始,社会各界包括将军在内,都给予此改革极大的关注。虽有人意识到政府试图通过此项措施来达到实现军民分治的目的,但基于当时时局变化,世人对于将军府及将军的总体评价是贬多于褒,特别在1916年后,因将军过多干涉政治,遭受世人的不齿。本文结合清末民初的社会发展演变,通过梳理民初将军府及将军的活动,认为袁世凯这一改革措施有其历史合理性,体现了政府为加强对地方控制,实现军民分治的权力制衡和集权精神,也反映出社会转型期中的传统因素如何在民初中央体制变革中被加以运用,来实现国家体制的顺利转型、社会秩序的正常运行。
[Abstract]:Since modern times, with the tense situation at home and abroad, the rise of the Hunan and Huai armies, the compilation and training of the New Army in the late Qing Dynasty, the power of local governors has increased greatly, and the centralization of power has begun to weaken, thus breaking the restraint of local culture and military forces formed since the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. A balanced military and political system. Wuchang after the uprising, the provinces alone, the local military intervention, military and government is not divided. Faced with such a situation, the Nanjing interim government was unable to deal with it until Yuan Shikai took over the Beijing government and took measures to solve the problem. On June 30, 1914, Yuan Shikai abolished the local dudu governor's name and changed the city governor to general, and set up a general's office in Beijing. Subordinate to the President, by the governor of the provincial military general and general in Beijing composed of two parts. A general in charge of military affairs in a province who establishes a general's office in the field and whose military and political affairs are supervised by the President, the Army, and the staff. During the period of Yuan Shikai administration, the operation of General House mainly revolved around participating in military practice, participating in national defense conference, making military draft and other military and political activities, which reflected to a certain extent its nature as a military advisory organ. According to the different military status, the names of generals of different grades are granted, fully reflecting the military and social status of the grantees, and the Beijing government's designation of the local military chiefs has become the symbol of the central government's control over local military forces. After the death of Yuan Shikai, General Li Yuanhong became a governor. With the chaos of the local military and political situation, the General's Office gradually lost its significance as a military advisory organ, and its daily operation mainly revolved around dealing with the internal affairs of the government. Check and receive forwarding letters and other matters not related to military affairs. Under such circumstances, the title of the general gradually became a tool for the rulers to win over and reward the officials, and lost the significance of the central government's control over local military affairs. Therefore, in 1925, Duan Qirui ordered the general's residence be abolished, but the general's name continued to exist until 1928 with the end of the Beijing government. Since the establishment of General House and General in Yuan Shikai, all sectors of society, including generals, have paid great attention to this reform. Although some people realized that the government was trying to achieve the goal of partition between the army and the people through this measure, due to the changes in the current situation, the general evaluation of the general office and the general was more derogatory than praise, especially after 1916, because the general interfered too much in politics, Suffer the disrespect of the world. Combined with the social development and evolution of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, by combing the activities of the generals and generals in the early part of the Republic of China, this paper holds that the reform measure of Yuan Shikai has its historical rationality and reflects the government's efforts to strengthen local control. The realization of the power balance and centralization of the military and civil administration also reflects how the traditional factors in the period of social transformation were applied in the reform of the central system in the early days of the Republic of China in order to realize the smooth transformation of the national system and the normal operation of the social order.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K25

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