民国福建永佃制研究

发布时间：2018-06-09 21:25

本文选题：民国 + 福建　；参考：《南京师范大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：本文以民国时期为主要研究时段,对福建永佃制作了较为全面的考察。一、永佃制的形成和分布。福建永佃制在形成渠道上实现了多元化,民国时期政治、经济、社会等多方面的变化又导致了这些形成方式的演变趋势各异。永佃制公田既有与普通公田相同的地方,又有许多独特之处,其独有的形成方式是福建永佃制形成方式的重要组成部分。民国时期,永佃制在福建境内广泛存在,且比重达到了20%以上,但永佃制在省内各地区的发展并不平衡,同一县市内不同乡镇或村庄的分布也不平衡。这是由省内人多地少、农民对地主人身依附关系松弛、各地经济结构和租佃程度不同等因素共同促成的。二、政权政策变迁与永佃制的发展。政府的政策和政局的更替对永佃制有着深远影响。清代前中期,福建永佃制是蓬勃发展的,后来由于地方政府对永佃制实施禁革而使得发展速度暂时放缓,但永佃制习俗的“牢不可破”加上清末对永佃权的立法,清代福建永佃制从总体上来说又是向前发展的。民国时期律法逐步贴合民俗,给永佃制的发展创造了良好的法律环境,但这一时期福建政权的不断更替对永佃制造成了程度不同的影响：民初军阀混战使得永佃制的发展有所迟滞；红军和十九路军分田期间,永佃制出现了短暂的衰落；之后又因为原有永佃关系的恢复和国民政府推行永佃权而得到重新发展。中共土改时在承认农民田皮权的基础上归并皮骨,永佃制在福建最终消失。清代以降,福建永佃制经历了持续发展→发展迟滞→短暂衰落→恢复发展→彻底消失这样一种演变过程。三、永佃制的保护。到了民国时期,社会各方力量都参与到永佃制的保护中来。在永佃制形成和存续过程中,永佃农、政府和司法机关会采取相应的手段保护永佃权。在围绕永佃土地发生纠纷时,当事人会选择民间调解、官方调处或审批、司法调解及审判中的一种或多种方式进行解决,同时宗族组织和士绅阶层,县及县以下基层治理机构或组织,以及司法机关等等在解决纠纷的三种方式中发挥着重要作用。四、永佃制下的主佃利益关系。永佃制的地租形态主要是实物地租,货币地租所占比例虽然不大,但一直贯穿于永佃制的发展过程当中。承租山林的地租形态以货币地租为主。一般私田的永佃租率要低于当地普通租佃的租率,山林和公田的永佃租率更低。永佃制改变了传统的主佃关系,骨主权力日渐衰微,永佃户权力日益膨胀。五、永佃制下的土地流转,主要从四方面进行了探讨。1、转租。民国福建转租行为在民间畅行,并且逐渐得到官方和司法机关的认可。转租呈现出一种小比例、广遍布的分布状态。各地大、小租的数额不一,田皮转租的租率也高低不等,但都普遍低于当地的普通租佃租率。2、继承与典当。继承和典当永佃制土地的现象盛行于福建各地。田皮、田骨和皮骨全田可以分别继承、典当或者转典当,扩大了流转的规模,提高了流转的频率。3、转卖与皮骨价格。转卖有活卖与绝卖之分,并通过找价完成从活卖到绝卖的转化。田皮权无需纳税、流转灵活且手续简便,这些特点使其买卖价格超过了田骨。但田皮价格高低又与时局稳定与否有很大关系,清代民国时期,福建的田皮价格基本处于高于田骨价格的态势,这主要是因为福建受战乱的影响相对较小,田皮交易市场运行比较平稳。4、族田中的永佃F田l流转。族田典卖有着明显不同于普通私田的地方,主要体现在族人只有权典卖自己的轮值年份和族田流转一般采取典当或者活卖形式两方面。永佃制土地的存在加剧了族田的流转频率六、永佃制的性质。从双层地权归属、永佃权产权特点、永佃租率三方面来看,永佃制就是一种为普通农户所掌握、业佃双方平等享有土地所有权,对永佃农有利的土地制度。文章最后指出,研究民国福建永佃制对当今中国农地制度的改革有着重要的启发意义。
[Abstract]:Taking the period of the Republic of China as the main research period, this article makes a more comprehensive survey of Fujian tenant.
First, the formation and distribution of the permanent tenancy system. The permanent tenancy system in Fujian has been diversified in the form of formation. The changes in political, economic and social changes in the period of the Republic of China have resulted in different trends in the evolution of these forms. The permanent tenancy system has the same place as the ordinary public field, but also has many unique features, and its unique form of formation is Fujian. In the period of the Republic of China, the permanent tenancy system existed widely in Fujian, and the proportion reached more than 20%. However, the development of the permanent tenancy system in all regions of the province was not balanced, and the distribution of different towns and villages in the same county was uneven. Factors such as the economic structure and the degree of tenancy are all contributed together.
Two, the change of political policy and the development of the permanent tenancy system. The government's policy and political situation had a profound influence on the system of permanent tenancy. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the permanent tenancy system in Fujian was flourishing, and the development speed of the permanent tenancy was temporarily slowed down because of the local government's prohibition of the system of tenancy, but the "unbreakable" custom of the permanent tenancy system combined with the late Qing Dynasty. The legislation of the tenancy of tenancy in the Qing Dynasty and the permanent tenancy system of Fujian in the Qing Dynasty developed in general. The law gradually fitted the folklore in the Republic of China and created a good legal environment for the development of the permanent tenancy system. However, the continuous replacement of the Fujian regime in this period made a difference to the permanent tenancy: the development of the permanent tenancy by the warlords in the early days of the Republic of China made the development of the permanent tenancy system. Sluggish; the permanent tenancy of the Red Army and the nineteen road army in the field was briefly declining; after that, the restoration of the relationship between the original tenancy and the permanent tenancy of the national government had been redeveloped. The Communist Party of the Communist Party of China reclaimed the skin on the basis of the recognition of the farmer's farmland rights, and the permanent tenancy system disappeared in Fujian. The Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, the permanent tenancy system of Fujian, and the permanent tenancy system of the Qing Dynasty It has experienced continuous development, development lag, short decline, resumption development and total disappearance.
Three, the protection of the system of permanent tenancy. In the period of the Republic of China, all social forces were involved in the protection of the permanent tenancy system. During the formation and survival of the permanent tenancy system, the permanent tenant farmers, the government and the judiciary would take the appropriate means to protect the permanent tenancy. When there was a dispute around the land of permanent tenancy, the parties would choose to mediate, official or approving. The settlement of one or more ways in the mediation and trial, while the clan organization and the gentry class, the grass-roots governance institutions or organizations below the county and the county level, and the judicial organs, and so on, play an important role in the three ways of resolving disputes.
Four, the interest relationship of the main tenancy under the permanent tenancy. The land rent form of the permanent tenancy is mainly real land rent, while the proportion of money and land is not large, but it runs through the process of the development of the permanent tenancy. The rent form of the rented mountain forest is mainly in the form of money and land. The rents of the rented land are lower than the local rent rate of the common tenancy, the mountain forest and the public field. The tenancy system has changed the traditional main tenancy relationship, and the power of bone is declining. The power of tenants is expanding day by day.
Five, the land circulation under the permanent tenancy, mainly from four aspects to discuss.1, sublease. The renting behavior of Fujian in the Republic of China was unimpeded by the people, and gradually received the approval of the official and judicial organs. The sublease presented a small proportion and widespread distribution. The common tenancy rate of.2, inheritance and pawnage is lower than the local common tenancy rate. The inheritance and pawning of the land of permanent tenancy prevails in all parts of Fujian. Field skin, field bone and leather whole fields can be inherited, pawned or transferred to expand the scale of circulation, increase the frequency of circulation.3, resell and price the skin. In the period of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the price of Tian PI in the period of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China was basically higher than the price of the field bone, mainly because of the blessing of Fujian. The impact of the war is relatively small, the field market operation is relatively stable.4, and the permanent tenant F field L circulation in the tribe field. Intensifying the frequency of the circulation of the family field
Six, the nature of the permanent tenancy system. From the three aspects of the ownership of the double land rights, the property right of the tenancy and the renting rate of the permanent tenancy, the permanent tenancy system is a land system which is mastered by the ordinary farmers, and the tenant both enjoy the land ownership equal to the tenant farmers, and the land system for the permanent tenant farmers.
The article finally points out that the study of the tenancy system in the Republic of China in Fujian has important implications for the reform of China's agricultural land system.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K258;F329

【引证文献】