国民政府战时贸易统制政策研究

发布时间：2018-06-10 08:03

本文选题：贸易政策 + 统制　；参考：《江西财经大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 抗日战争时期贸易统制政策的产生并非偶然,有其深刻而特殊的历史背景,具备必然性和必要性。纵观战前数十年的贸易状况,不仅逆差持续数额惊人,而且贸易结构畸形发展,作为农业国家,农产品输入数额巨大；贫穷国家,奢侈品输入数量过多；落后国家,机器设备输入比例太小。同时,战前中国贸易主权被外商操纵,主要商品进出口以及辅助国际贸易的各项事业均受制于人,国人不能自主。造成战前贸易衰颓的主要原因,首先在于列强倚恃不平等条约对中国进行大肆商品倾销；其次在于政府捐税繁杂保护乏力；再次在于工商企业自身产业落后经营无方。面对贸易衰颓的危害,战前精英阶层围绕着贸易统制的可能性与可行性进行了系统深入的探讨。要求政府进行严格的贸易统制,以求挽回权益、维持进出口平衡,逐渐成为社会的主流认识。日本大举侵华后,战时急需的物品仅凭国内生产显然不足以保障战时供应,大量军需品自海外源源购入成为持续抗战的必要条件,而外汇和黄金储备的有限及海外侨胞汇款的减少,难以满足战时巨额购买的需求；同时,国难面前政府进行了战时政治经济体制的全面调整,这些都使得贸易统制势在必行。在此情形下,贸易统制配合整体经济政策产生,并在战争初期迅速确立。战时贸易统制是全面而动态的,从贸易的经营权而言,国营贸易与商营贸易并行,国营贸易是统制的高级阶段,而商营贸易统制是初级阶段；从贸易统制的时段而言,抗战前期侧重于获取外汇,即配合外汇政策开展贸易统制；后期侧重于对战争物资的争取,即配合物资政策控制进出口。商营贸易统制中,为调控物资进出,鼓励优势产品的出口、限制非必需品的进口,是抗战前期直接贸易统制政策法规涵盖的重要内容；为配合掌控外汇的宗旨,出口外汇售结政策及进口外汇请核政策随之出台,政府对外汇进出实施了全面配套管制,并且随着局势的演变进行相应的调整。太平洋战争爆发后,因国外援助及贷款的增加,外汇需求有所缓解；同时因日本的严密封锁,物资进出口困难,使得争取物资成为这一阶段贸易统制的核心目标,鼓励抗战所需物资进口、限制物资出口和对敌进行经济封锁成为统制商营贸易的主题。抗战初期,商营贸易统制过程中政府与商民利益上的对峙,致使两者矛盾激化,由此引发了关于国营贸易的实施条件与路径的激烈论争。学界对国营贸易政策的深入探讨,为国民政府实施国营贸易提供了理论铺垫。同时,在调整民营贸易的实践中,国民政府也逐渐意识到,政府很难将组织分散、资金薄弱、经营方式落后的商人组建成能够应付战时贸易困局的全国性民营贸易系统。因此,抗战前期国民政府着力调整战时贸易行政机构,并创办三大国营贸易公司,积极树立国营贸易体系。国营贸易政策从其运行考察,主要体现在统购统销和易货贸易两大政策上,两者相互配合,从内部而言,则通过对指定的主要农矿产品实施统购统销,以配合易货偿债的进行；从外部而言,则通过种种外交努力积极达成与各国的贸易协定,为国内物产外输和国外军火等物资内运创造条件。贸易统制政策因国家整体目标及战时现实需要而产生,并随着时局的变化而不断调整,政策的实施不仅十分必要,而且是适合战时环境的最佳选择。从政策实施效果考察,总体上讲利大于弊,与政策初衷基本吻合。贸易统制的积极作用从支持抗战分析,它的实施不仅使优势产品得以集中出口,换取了大量军需物资的输入,极大提升了战时武器装备的性能,缩小了中日军队的差距；而且使抗战所需的其他各项国计民生物资得以调剂补充。因此,战时贸易统制政策为抗战胜利奠定了坚实的物质基础。从经济角度分析,政策的推行使得国内局部时段、局部地域出现贸易出超,为平衡国际贸易发挥了较好的作用；同时也使得商品进出受到严格管制,改善了战前进出口商品结构畸形的状态。当然,政策的弊病也不容忽视,战时贸易统制的消极影响主要体现在,贸易统制机构庞杂不一、职权交错,弊端丛生；统购商品价格畸形,窒碍生产和贸易的发展；相关职能机构人员徇私舞弊,祸害国家。抗战时期国民政府推行的贸易统制是涵盖了政策主体、政策客体、政策目标、政策内容和政策手段诸方面的第一次全面管制,是近代以来贸易主权兴起背景下的具体实践,是中国对外贸易史上一个划时代的进步,对支持中国抗战及逐渐摆脱半殖民地经济走向自主经济具有非常积极的意义。近代鸦片战争以来世界列强对中国发动的一系列侵略战争,其目的归根结底在于从中国获取超额经济利益,并通过贸易先导、武力护航、特权支撑这一基本模式,将中国纳入其主导的经济体系之内,中国经济性质因此逐步转变为半殖民地经济。抗战爆发,战争的危急状态迫使国民政府以本国的最大利益诉求为原则自主进行贸易统制,并按照现实需要控制进出口,调整产销体制和产业布局,取得了贸易上的主导地位。战争的扩展及各大国的卷入,也使得各反法西斯大国从实际利益考虑,在原有驻华贸易体系被摧毁之后,为配合整体抗战的需要,或被迫或主动放弃相关经济权益。自主的贸易体系的确立及不平等条约的废除,使得中国经济已逐渐地由被动的、殖民地式的经济转到自主自立的经济轨道上来。
[Abstract]:The production of trade unified policy during the Anti Japanese war is not accidental, with its profound and special historical background, with necessity and necessity. In the past decades of trade, not only is the balance of the trade deficit in a surprising amount, but also the deformity of the trade structure. As an agricultural country, the input amount of agricultural products is huge; the impoverished country, the input of luxury goods. In the backward countries, the proportion of the input of machinery and equipment is too small. At the same time, China's trade sovereignty is manipulated by foreign businessmen, the main commodities import and export, and the various undertakings to assist the international trade are not independent. The main reason for the decline of the pre war trade is that the imperialist powers rely on the unequal treaties to carry out the big China. Dumping of goods, followed by the government's complex taxation and inadequate protection, and once again lie in the backwardness of industrial and commercial enterprises.
In the face of the harm of the decline of trade, the pre war elite has carried out a systematic and thorough discussion on the possibility and feasibility of trade command. It requires the government to carry out strict trade control in order to redeem the rights and interests, maintain the balance of import and export, and gradually become the mainstream understanding of the society. After the great invasion of China, the goods in need of the war in wartime are only produced by domestic production. Obviously, it is not sufficient to guarantee wartime supply, and the purchase of large quantities of munitions from the source of the sea has become a necessary condition for a sustained war of resistance, and the limited reserves of foreign exchange and gold and the reduction of remittances from overseas Chinese are difficult to meet the demand for huge purchases in wartime; at the same time, the government has carried out a comprehensive adjustment of the political and economic system in the face of the war. All these have made it possible for the government to make a comprehensive adjustment of the political and economic system in the face of war Trade control is imperative. Under such circumstances, trade control and the overall economic policy came into being and quickly established at the beginning of the war.
In wartime trade command is comprehensive and dynamic. From the business right of trade, state Trade and business camp are parallel, state trade is the advanced stage of control, and business camp is the primary stage; from the period of trade command, the earlier period of Anti Japanese war is focused on obtaining foreign exchange, that is, to cooperate with foreign exchange policy to carry out trade control; In order to control the import and export, we should strive for war materials.
In order to regulate the import of materials, encourage the export of goods, encourage the export of superior products, and restrict the import of non necessities, it is an important part of the policy and regulations of direct trade control in the early period of the Anti Japanese war. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the foreign exchange demand has been relieved, and the tight blockade of Japan and the difficulties in import and export of materials make it the core goal of this stage to encourage the import of goods and materials for the war of resistance. Restricting the export of goods and the economic blockade against the enemy become the theme of controlled trade.
In the early period of the Anti Japanese War, the confrontation between the government and the businessmen in the process of commercial business administration led to the intensification of the two contradictions, which triggered a fierce debate on the implementation conditions and paths of the state trade. The in-depth discussion on the state trade policy in the academic circles provided the theoretical paving for the national government to implement the state trade trade. Meanwhile, the private trade was adjusted. In practice, the national government has gradually realized that it is difficult for the government to establish a nation-owned private trade system that can cope with the wartime trade predicament. Therefore, the national government in the early anti Japanese war has made an effort to adjust the wartime trade administration and set up three state-owned trading companies to actively establish a country. From its operation, the state trade policy is mainly embodied in the two policies of unified purchase and marketing and barter trade. Both of them cooperate with each other. From the internal point of view, through the implementation of the unified purchase and marketing of the designated main agricultural and mineral products in order to cooperate with the barter payment of debt; from the external part, through a variety of diplomatic efforts, it is actively reached and achieved by various diplomatic efforts. China's trade agreements create conditions for the transportation of domestic products and foreign arms.
The policy is not only necessary but also the best choice for the wartime environment because of the overall goal of the country and the actual needs of the war time. The implementation of the policy is not only necessary but also the best choice for the wartime environment. From the investigation of the effect of policy implementation, the benefits outweigh the disadvantages, and the policy is basically consistent with the original intention of the policy. The positive role of trade command is from the positive effect of trade control. In support of the Anti Japanese War analysis, its implementation not only enables the superior products to be concentrated, but also has changed the input of a large number of military supplies, greatly enhanced the performance of wartime weapons and equipment, narrowed the gap between the Chinese and Japanese troops, and supplemented the biological assets of the other countries required by the war of resistance. Therefore, the wartime trade unified policy was the Anti Japanese war. The victory laid a solid material basis. From the economic perspective, the implementation of the policy made the local period of the domestic period and the local region trade out, which played a better role in balancing the international trade. At the same time, the import and export of goods was strictly controlled and the state of the structure of the import and export commodities before the war was improved. Of course, the maladies of policy. It is also not to be ignored that the negative effects of the wartime trade command are mainly reflected in the inconsistency of the trade unified institutions, the interlacing of the power and the malpractices, the deformity of commodity prices, the development of the production and trade, and the malpractice of the relevant functional organizations for the malpractice of the state.
The trade control carried out by the national government during the Anti Japanese war is the first comprehensive control covering the main body of policy, policy object, policy objective, policy content and policy means. It is a concrete practice under the background of the rise of trade sovereignty since modern times. It is an epoch-making progress in the history of China's foreign trade and the support of China's war of resistance and gradually. It is of great significance to get rid of the semi colonial economy to the independent economy. The aim of the series of aggressive wars launched by the world powers since the modern Opium War is in the final analysis to obtain excess economic benefits from China, and to support this basic model by trade forerunner, Force Escort, and special power, and bring China into its dominant position. Within the economic system, the nature of China's economy was gradually transformed into a semi colonial economy. The war of resistance broke out. The critical state of the war forced the national government to conduct trade control independently by its own maximum interest demands, controlled import and export in accordance with the actual needs, adjusted the production and marketing system and industrial layout, and made the leading trade. The expansion of the war and the involvement of the great powers have also made the anti fascist powers consider the actual interests of the anti fascist powers. After the original Chinese trade system has been destroyed, it is forced or voluntarily to give up the relevant economic rights and interests to meet the needs of the whole war of resistance. The establishment of the independent trade system and the abolition of the unequal treaties have made the Chinese economy gradually From a passive colonial economy to an independent and self reliant economic orbit.
【学位授予单位】：江西财经大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K265

【引证文献】