以国立求生存：私立成华大学研究（1945—1952）

发布时间：2018-06-11 17:24

本文选题：私立大学 + 请改国立运动　；参考：《山东大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：清末国人以与西方进行"学战"为目的,倡设私立大学。以后见之明观之,私立大学最终"不行于吾国",其"何以不行于吾国"由此成为值得探讨的问题。国人自办私立大学,往往自命负有某种教育或社会理想,在民国时期也曾一度居半壁江山之地位。随着国民政府国家教育文化预算的建立,国立大学纷纷实现"国款办国学",完成"再国立化"。私立大学因为缺乏相对稳定的财源,相形之下,在师资、设备等方面逐渐处于劣势。社会上亦形成歆羡"国立"的心理。抗战前后,"请改国立"成为部分私立大学的一种生存策略。光华大学成都分部抗战胜利后"永久留川",易名"成华",私立成华大学由此立校。学生以此为契机发动风潮,请求政府接办,理性地追逐"国家"名号背后蕴含的实利。国民政府受限于财政能力无法因应私立大学的请求,学生"以国立求生存"的诉求暂时潜伏。私立成华大学由四川地方实力人物掌控,呈现出一种鲜明的"地域性"色彩,远离中央政权,只得依托地方办学。川籍校董利用其在军政商各界编织的社会网络,为学校筹措办学资金。但以此种方式募集的经费或是建立在私人关系上的人情往来,或带有较强的功利目的,且以一次性、随机性捐赠为主,远无法满足私立大学持续性的运转需要。校董们不仅身兼数职,且领有多校董事头衔,故不能专责于学校事务。国共内战爆发、地方财政恶化、持续恶性的通货膨胀、公众淡薄的公益意识、成华大学本身办学成绩不彰等内外因素相互交织,边缘私立大学渐步入过分依赖学费办学的生存困局,办学定位亦随之迷失。私立大学依靠社会资源办学,远离政治喧嚣,本应处于国家权力系统的边缘地带。但川省地方实力派与地方党团势力发生抵牾,私立成华大学身处其间,校园空间亦随之成为政治角逐的场域。学校本身的生存危机成为政治动员的一大法宝,"请改国立"风潮再起,学潮与政潮相互激荡,大学难以"独善其身",发展受到极大的影响。中共建政后,私立成华大学在大学体制、管理体制、教学体制、招生、毕业生就业等多个方面,受到新政权的监管与改造;学校自身也积极迎合政府需要突出其以财经系科为重点的办学特色,进而不断获得西南文教部的经费补助,向死而生的过程中呈现出些许生气,"名实"亦发生错位,最终以"公立化"作结。西方私立大学因政治与宗教的二元格局、社会自治的传统与机制,得以始终保有独立性与自治性,并维持充足的生存空间。近代中国社会却在"国进民退"中无力抵御国家权力的下移,且未能建立起公众持续捐款、学校吸取社会资源再回馈社会的良性循环与制度性机制。身处其间的私立大学不得不向国家政权靠拢,"以国立求生存"。
[Abstract]:In the late Qing Dynasty, the Chinese set up private universities for the purpose of "learning war" with the West. In the future, private universities "can't do to our country", so why not "not in our country" has become a problem worthy of discussion. People who run their own private universities often claim to have a certain educational or social ideal, and once occupied half of the status in the Republic of China. With the establishment of the national education and culture budget of the National Government, the national universities have realized the "national funds to run the national learning", and completed the "re-nationalization". Private universities, by contrast, are at a disadvantage in terms of teachers, equipment and so on for lack of relatively stable financial resources. The society also formed the mentality of envying the "state". Before and after the War of Resistance against Japan, please change the state to become a survival strategy of some private universities. Guanghua University Chengdu branch after the victory, "permanent stay in Sichuan", renamed "Cheng Hua", the private Chenghua University set up the school. Students take this opportunity to launch a wave, asking the government to take over, rational pursuit of the "country" behind the name of the real interests. The national government is unable to cope with the request of private universities by its limited financial capacity, so the demand of students to "make a living by the state" is temporarily lurking. The private Chenghua University is controlled by the local power figures in Sichuan Province, showing a distinct "regional" color, far from the central government, and only relying on local schools. Sichuan school managers use the social network they weave in the military, government and business sectors to raise funds for the schools. However, the funds raised in this way are either based on personal relations, or have a strong utilitarian purpose, and are mainly one-off, random donations, which can not meet the needs of the continuous operation of private universities. Managers are not only in multiple roles, but also have multiple school board titles, so they are not responsible for school affairs. Internal and external factors such as the outbreak of the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the deterioration of local finances, the persistent hyperinflation, the weak public awareness of the public, and the lack of achievements of Chenghua University itself are intertwined. Marginal private universities have gradually entered the dilemma of relying too much on tuition fees to run schools, and the orientation of running schools has also been lost. Private universities rely on social resources to run schools, away from the political uproar, should be on the margins of the state power system. However, there are contradictions between the local power schools and the local party groups in Sichuan Province, and the private Chenghua University is in the middle, and the campus space also becomes the field of political competition. The survival crisis of the school itself has become a magic weapon of political mobilization. The tide of "please change the state" rises again, and the tide of study and politics are agitated each other, and it is difficult for the university to "be alone" and its development is greatly affected. After the establishment of the Communist Party of China, the private Chenghua University was supervised and reformed by the new regime in many aspects, such as university system, management system, teaching system, enrollment, graduate employment and so on. The school itself also actively catered to the needs of the government to highlight its characteristics of running a school with the focus of the Department of Finance and Economics, and thus continuously obtained funding subsidies from the Southwest Ministry of Culture and Education. In the process of dying, the school took on a bit of life, and the "name and fact" also misplaced. The final conclusion is "public". Due to the dual structure of politics and religion, the tradition and mechanism of social autonomy, private universities in the West have always maintained their independence and autonomy, and maintained sufficient living space. The modern Chinese society was unable to resist the decline of state power and failed to set up a virtuous circle and institutional mechanism of absorbing social resources and giving back to the society. In the meantime, private universities had to move closer to the state and "live with the state."
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G649.29;K26

【参考文献】